Reformed Historical Theology

Ivan E. Mesa explores how English Particular Baptists held a unique view of the Jewish people within God’s unfolding redemption. As Dissenters themselves, Baptists empathized with the Jewish plight and connected their philo-Semitism to a larger theological vision that anticipated the Jews’ conversion and eventual return to the land of Israel. English Baptists viewed Jews as the people of God, “beloved for the fathers’ sake” (Rom. 11:28). They believed the nation of Israel would one day experience a transformative conversion, aligning with God’s covenantal promises. Through figures such as Henry Jessey, John Gill, Andrew Fuller, and Charles Spurgeon, the author demonstrates how these Baptists advocated for Jewish readmission to England, prayed for the Jews’ conversion, and engaged in charitable work. This Baptist perspective was distinct and influential, demonstrating a millenarian zeal that connected religious, political, and cultural realms within England, with implications stretching as far as the establishment of the modern state of Israel in 1948. Mesa offers a fresh perspective on Christian-Jewish relations, moving beyond the established narratives of anti-Semitism and toward a more comprehensive understanding of philo-Semitic eschatology.

The fundamentals of every faith are exposed in their conceptualization of death. Recent studies have caricatured Post-Reformation Calvinist theology of death as cold and fatalistic. Jason D. Edwards examines the Reformed English Puritan John Flavel’s (ca. 1627–1691) theology of death through close analysis of his writings on mortality, dying, and eternal destiny. The spine of his doctrine was covenant theology, or how he understood the terms and applications of divine covenants, though this aspect of his theology has been largely neglected. Inquiry into Flavel’s treatment of death demonstrates how the Puritan minister emphasized union to Christ as Mediator as the only grounds for a believer’s hope. Flavel applied his theology to the spiritual needs of those facing death and dying with warmth, clarity, and conviction to anchor all hope in death upon Christ.

Pieter Veerman in his work explains why the Heidelberg Catechism is a unique teacher of thankfulness in its sixteenth-century context. Veerman provides an in-depth theological analysis of Q&A 115–129. The author compares this teaching with Catholic, Lutheran, and Reformed catechetical writings, demonstrating that the Heidelberg Catechism is a synthesis of earlier theological thought. The explanation of the Lord’s Prayer is central, as it is within the broader catechetical tradition. The Heidelberg Catechism’s uniqueness lies in its thoughtful presentation and integration of various elements. By presenting catechetical answers in the form of prayers themselves, this catechism establishes itself as a valuable manual of piety. It differs from contemporaneous Catholic catechisms by emphasizing that true prayer arises from the heart. Its emphasis on the Holy Spirit is a distinctly Reformed feature.

In this retrieval study David Van Brugge addresses how the current understanding of a homiletical use of imagination for expository preaching might be strengthened. The current need for strengthening becomes apparent when the various understandings of imagination and their implications for practical theology are realized. This is compounded as trends in homiletics seem to minimize the imagination or embrace it in modern or postmodern ways. The original contribution of this study is recognizing that the homiletical use of imagination can be strengthened by retrieving the Puritan baroque characteristics of Jonathan Edwards’ imagination as evidenced in his sermons to the Stockbridge Indians of 1751–1758. Edwards drew on a rich background to display an imagination that synthesized thoughts and ideas, thought beyond the senses, and that, by the grace of God, transformed thought and practice. Through that creative thought, Edwards maintained Biblical exposition and appeal to the affections. Van Brugge further develops and evaluates the idea of Puritan baroque characteristics, concluding that it is a helpful characterization of Edwards’ Stockbridge Indian sermons. In these sermons Edwards imaginatively used imagery, light, space, movement, and glorification for the ultimate goal of directing the affections of his audience towards God. Such a use of imagination for affective purpose becomes a key for the strengthening of a homiletical use of imagination today.

Nigel Voak examines the genesis and evolution of religious evidentialism in England from 1585 to 1700, a deeply influential epistemology which claims that religious beliefs are only justified to the extent that we have evidence to substantiate them, and that we have an obligation to proportion our assent to the strength of our evidence. Given the propositions of faith lack the evidentness of objects of scientific knowledge, absolutely certain assent to such beliefs is therefore epistemically unjustifiable. This epistemology, which breaks with the previous Christian tradition, is classically formulated in John Locke‘s An Essay concerning Human Understanding (first edition 1690). This study argues that this epistemology of belief can be traced back to the English theologian Richard Hooker (1554–1600), whose thought was then developed over the course of the seventeenth-century Rule of Faith Controversy, which acted as the crucible for these new ideas on faith, evidence and certainty. Voak shows that the key thinkers in this process, including Locke himself, were aware that this epistemology came from Hooker, and used him in formulating their own influential positions.

However turbulent and virulent Christian-Muslim Relations may have been throughout the centuries it does not mean that each side did not take the time to evaluate and appreciate each other’s theological dogmas. Felipe Boechat Asseruy Silva shows that although Christians were subjected to constant attacks and invasions by the “Turks” for multiple centuries, they eventually (Early Modern Period) sought to refine their thinking about Islam and evaluate its theological tenets in a semi-dispassionate form and to provide a large-scale reply. In the Medieval period in-depth analysis of Islam, from a purely theological/philosophical point of view, were rare. Most publications frequently resorted to the use of offensive and inaccurate language, which, at times, fomented a disagreement between the parties based not on real theological differences – besides the obvious political differences –, but on imagined ones. This volume shows that Post-Reformation Reformed Orthodox theologians, especially those from the Dutch Republic, after having access to a long legacy of Christian-Muslim written publications collected by Dutch Universities, were able to build much more refined arguments and indeed present well informed apologetical, theological and historical arguments against Islam. The author also shows that the intense commerce between Christian and Islamic nations and the contemporary flourishing of orientalist studies in the Dutch Universities contributed to the formation of an intellectual arena that was willing to overlook past animosities and focus on the theological differences, addressing them as such.

Every four years, the International Calvin Congress gathers a wide spectrum of presenters from leading scholars to early-career researchers to learn from each other through several days of plenary lectures, panel sessions, and discussions. This volume of collected essays features current research on John Calvin, with a focus on the impact of the exile experience in early modern Europe. Several contributions explore how exile and return shaped Calvin and Reformed communities more generally, while others shed light on key topics in Calvin research, including explorations of his biblical exegesis, theological insights, and the impact of debates with his contemporaries. This volume brings together both senior scholars and newer voices in Calvin studies.

Assurance was a central issue for the eminent Scottish theologian-pastor Thomas Boston long before it emerged as a focal point of the theological debate in the Marrow Controversy. In The Marrow of Certainty, Chun Tse presents the first full-length study of Boston’s theology of assurance in six dimensions: trinitarian, covenantal, Christological, soteriological, ecclesiastical, and sacramental. This work not only furnishes the first-ever intellectual biography of Boston in his Scottish context and controversies, but it also cross-studies the theology of the Marrow of Modern Divinity with Boston’s notes. This research argues that Boston’s doctrine of assurance centres on union and communion with Christ, the architectonic principle of his theology. The book challenges the common conception that Boston’s theology merely follows Calvin, the Scots Confession, the Marrow, the Westminster Standards, and Scottish federalism. Boston, most strikingly, holds in tension assurance as intrinsic to faith—itself a gift from God’s sovereignty in election—while insisting on self-examination as a human responsibility. This salient mark of his doctrine of assurance originates from his assertion that Christ died for the elect alone but all—elect or not—have the warrant to receive Christ. As such, assurance is, theologically, a divine gift and, pastorally, a human endeavour. Certainty is thus both extra nos and intra nos. Boston, this study reveals, has a potent and enduring power to speak on the perennial issue of assurance, rooted in the person of Christ, whom he considers as being the covenant itself.

Most scholars of Reformed orthodoxy devote little attention to the nineteenth century, and most students of nineteenth century Reformed thought bypass the influence of Reformed orthodox ideas on their subjects. Aligning himself with Reformed theology in nineteenth century America, Charles Hodge’s writings are an ideal place to bring such studies together. Hodge’s American context and Reformed identity illustrate the persistence and change of Reformed ideas in a post-Enlightenment context. Encompassing philosophy, science, and theology, Ryan M. McGraw traces the development of Hodge’s ideas with an eye both to Reformed orthodoxy and to American thought.

Suk Yu Chan provides a revisit of John Calvin’s interpretation of the doctrine of divine providence and builds upon a vast repository of quality research conducted by previous Reformation scholars. The author adopts a historical approach to explore Calvin’s works from 1534–1559, and argues that from 1534–1541, Calvin used the image of the fountain to portray God as the source of everything, who has power to preserve and give life to all creatures on earth. Between the Latin edition of the Institutes in 1539 and the French translation of that work in 1541, Calvin was indecisive about the definition of special providence, articulating a fitful relationship between providence and soteriology in these two texts. In 1552, Calvin gradually ceased using the image of the fountain to portray God as the source of everything, and he also delivered three definitions of divine providence: general providence, special providence, and the very presence of God. Based on the theological understanding of divine providence which he had developed from 1534–1552, Calvin presented his exegesis on the Book of Job and the Book of Psalms through his sermons and commentaries. Furthermore, Calvin also discussed the importance of the human role in God’s providence. While Calvin’s theological understanding of God’s providence was inherited by his successor, Theodore Beza, Beza applied it differently in his exegesis on the Book of Job. From 1534–1559, Calvin formulated his biblical doctrine of divine providence, articulating that divine providence is heavenly providence which is comprised of eternal predestination and divine preservation.

Why can’t Christians agree about communion? Why is it that in some churches all worship services culminate in a holy meal whereas other churches celebrate this “holy supper” only once in a while? Theologian Gregory Soderberg has researched this question, excavating patterns of communion frequency within one of the bigger Christian families: the Reformed tradition. Despite being the sacrament of unity, the eucharist has often been a cause of strife in Christian churches. In his study, Gregory David Soderberg is the first to focus in depth on communion frequency in the Reformed tradition. He concludes that, although the 16th century Reformers desired more frequent communion, this was balanced by their desire to create mature Christian communities. So, preachers and church leaders stressed the priority of moral conduct and the importance of understanding what the eucharist meant for Protestants. The study analyses sources from the very beginnings of this tradition in 16th century Zürich and Geneva, and it follows its trajectories through England and Scotland all the way down to 19th century USA. Ultimately, it is hoped that understanding the polemics of the past will help churches today to celebrate the sacrament of unity more meaningfully.

Amandus Polanus (1561–1610) has often been described as a highly significant theologian, but also a neglected one. Part of Polanus’ significance comes from his inclusion of ethics and practical application in his discussion of theology and the way in which his theology mixes Ramist dichotomies and the scholastic distinctions common in Christian Aristotelianism. Stephen B. Tipton shows how Polanus’ understanding of God’s essence and attributes is built upon the ground of scripture, arranged with the aid of logical arguments and reasoning, and aimed at the worship and glory of the Triune God. Tipton defends this conclusion against previous research which suggests that Polanus’ theology is grounded in rationalism and subordinates the Trinity beneath an Aristotelian notion of God’s perfect unity. This research not only corrects these previous notions about Polanus, but it also provides greater insight into the early Reformed Orthodox period and the theology that arose from that time.

From his first publication of hymns in 1707, common knowledge regarding Isaac Watts (1674–1748) often revolves around his hymn-writing legacy. Though Watts legacy as a hymnographer is significant, he also functions as a key transitional figure between the English Puritans and the Evangelicals during eighteenth-century English dissent. As a pastor, theologian, philosopher, and literary mainstay of his era, Watts’ influence grew well beyond his early work in hymnody to impact scores of Christians on both sides of the Atlantic. Watts’ approach to Christian spirituality is an area of his thought thats been unexplored. This book provides the first ever analysis of Watts’ theological vision for the Christian spiritual life. In emphasizing the experience of holiness and happiness, Watts leans heavily upon his Reformed theological heritage to underscore how knowing and loving God are central to God’s preparation of the soul for heaven.

The period of Revolution and Toleration in England was filled with rapid change, political uncertainty, and ecclesiastical volatility. Still recovering from the strife of Civil War and a divisive Restoration, the relationship between the Church of England and Nonconformists remained deeply strained. Although Dissenters were granted the right to gather for worship under Toleration, their legitimacy was regularly challenged. Within this context, a variety of significant controversies arose in which James Owen, a Welsh Presbyterian minister, played a prominent role and was a leading voice for moderate Nonconformity. Along with a group of moderate Nonconformist friends like Edmund Calamy, Philip and Matthew Henry, and Francis Tallents, Owen defended a version of Protestant ecumenism. This was a theological conviction that (1) the unity of the Protestant Church was indispensable and (2) this unity was to be found in agreement on essential doctrines, not in sharing ecclesiastical structures. Owen, along with his associates, defended the Dissenters’ separation from the Church of England as biblically sanctioned and at the same time emphasized that such separation was not schismatic. Owen’s clear, biblically articulate, and historically informed writing made his contribution to the period of Toleration significant and influential.

Richard Baxter (1615–1691) was arguably the greatest English Puritan of the seventeenth century. He is well known for his ministerial manual “The Reformed Pastor”, in which he expressed the unusual conviction that parish ministers were better off unmarried. And yet, Baxter seemed to contradict himself by marrying one of his parishioners, Margaret Charlton. Though Baxter claimed to be happily married, he continued to champion celibacy for the rest of his life. This book explores Baxter’s argument for clerical celibacy by placing it in the context of his life and the turbulent events of seventeenth-century England. His viewpoint was shaped by several factors, including the Puritan literature he read, the context of his parish ministry, his burdensome model of soul care, and the formative life experiences shaping his theology and perspective. These factors not only explain why Baxter became the only Puritan to champion clerical celibacy but also why he continued to do so even after marrying.

If salvation makes a person to become God, then how do we understand the word ‘God’? Audy Santoso assesses Robert Jenson’s notion of deification on three main areas: the concept of God, Christ, and self along with their ramifications. In this comparative study, Jenson’s revisionary metaphysics in his theology opens up an insightful perspective in reading John Calvin’s theology. Discussion on the Supper shows the intricate relation of what these theologians hope for with the practice of our lives in God. The author makes a comparative assessment and integration between the seemingly opposite metaphysics of Jenson and Calvin while keeping the Creator-creature distinction of Reformed theology intact. Jenson says that the end is music, but the author affirms a better way without negating Jenson’s.

John Calvin’s understanding of works-righteousness is more complex than is often recognized. While he denounces it in some instances, he affirms it in others. This study shows that Calvin affirms works-righteousness within the context where faith-righteousness is already established, and that he even teaches a form of justification by works. Calvin ascribes not only a positive role to good works in relation to divine acceptance, but also soteriological value to believers’ good works. This study demonstrates such by exploring Calvin’s theological anthropology, his understanding of divine-human activity, his teaching on the nature of good works, and his understanding of divine grace and benevolence. It also addresses current debates in Calvin scholarship by exploring topics such as union with Christ, the relation between justification and sanctification, the relation between good works and divine acceptance, the role of good works in the Christian life, and the content of good works.

What is the real meaning of the church for Christian life? If we confess Christian faith, the church is one of the twelve articles, which implies that the church is rather important. In the creeds of the early church catholicity is confessed as characteristic for the church. This means that the church cannot exist without catholicity. What does this qualification mean? In this study the author listens to the understanding of the concept of catholicity in the theology of Ignatius, Cyprian, Cyril, Augustine and Vincent. In the second part of the book some representatives of the reformed tradition are analyzed, namely John Calvin, James Ussher, John Owen, Herman Bavinck and Gerrit Berkouwer. This analysis leads to a comparison between the early church and the reformed tradition. Listening to theologians from the early church and the reformed tradition, Van Vlastuin presents an up-to-date concept of the catholicity of the church which clarifies among others that the visibility of the church belongs to the essence of Christ's body, that practicing the catholicity of the church is necessary against denominationalism and party formation, that loss of catholicity leads to spiritual and theological impoverishment, that the understanding of catholicity implies also orthodoxy with consequences for the interpretation of 'semper reformanda' and that the consciousness of catholicity is related to the citizenship of two worlds.

The 16th century Reformer John Calvin is an outstanding personality. That’s why the international Calvin Congress convenes every four years to share insights in the theology and context of his person. Whether it is about the relation between Christianity and politics, Calvin’s interpretation of biblical texts or if it’s about Calvin, the systematic theologian whose concepts build a cornerstone for nowadays schemes – the papers collected in this volume will help for a better understanding of his significant person and thoughts.

In her work Rebekah Earnshaw provides an analysis of Creator and creation according to Calvin on Genesis. This offers a new theological reading of Calvin’s Genesis commentary and sermons, with an eye to systematic interests.

This analysis is presented in four chapters: The Creator, The Agent and Act of Creation, Creatures, and Providence. Calvin on Genesis gives unique insights into each of these. First, the Creator has priority in Calvin’s thought. The Creator is l’Eternal, who is infinitely distinct and abundantly for creatures in his virtues. Second, the agent of creation is triune and the act of creation is “from nothing” as well as in and with time. This is a purposeful beginning. Third, Calvin affirms creaturely goodness and order. The relation of humans and animals illustrates Calvin’s holistic view of creation as well as the impact of corruption and disorder. Providential sustenance and concursus are closely tied to the nature of creatures and the initial word. Fourth, fatherly governance for the church is presented separately and demonstrated by Calvin’s treatment of Abraham and Joseph.

Earlier presentations of Calvin on Creator and creation are incomplete, because of the lack of sustained attention to Calvin on Genesis. This analysis supplements works that concentrated on the Institutes and Calvin on Job, by bringing new material to bear. Further, throughout this analysis lies the implicit example of a biblical theologian, who pursues what is useful from scripture for the sake of piety in the church.

Insights from Calvin’s thought on Genesis provide a foundation for systematic work that reflects on this locus and the integrated practice of theology.

Over the centuries, the Protestant church has been severed into two major positions in regard to predestination and reprobation. On one side, the Arminians largely reject these doctrines, while the reformed readily embrace them as biblical truth. Although much has been written either rejecting or defending the doctrine of reprobation, little attention has been given to the historical development of the reformed position on the nature of reprobation and God’s use of secondary causality in the hardening of the wicked. By means of historical analysis, Peter Sammons traces the development of the doctrine of reprobation from Augustine to the Synod of Dort. In this book, Sammons gives special attention to views on reprobation and its various parts, preterition and predamnation, along with how, historically, theologians have attempted to articulate its execution. Perhaps one of the greatest paradoxes in all of Scripture, theology, and philosophy is here addressed: “How does an omnibenevolent and omnipotent God predetermine and interact with sin in the world?” Answering the question proves vital, not merely to reconcile theological and philosophical concerns, but to answer the all-important question of life, “Who is God?” This volume is intended to provide a balanced analysis of the historical and intellectual development within reformed theology as to how God is simultaneously holy and sovereign by examining how reprobation and its parts have historically been defined. Reformed understanding on this doctrine was not done in a vacuum, nor was it concluded in the 180 meetings of the Synod of Dort; rather, it has a history within the church of thoughtful development.

Petrus van Mastricht (1630–1706): Text, Context, and Interpretation »is not just a statement of the state of the art on Mastricht studies. It also points the way forward for further exploration of Mastricht's thought and the history of Reformed Orthodoxy in general« from the Preface by Carl R. Trueman.

This volume presents collected essays from scholars around the world on various aspects of Petrus van Mastricht (1630-1706) theology, philosophy, and reception in the context of the challenges of orthodoxy in his day. This book, then, locates Mastricht's ideas in the context of the theological and philosophical currents of his day. The pre-Revolutionary status of theology and philosophy in the wake of the Enlightenment had many of the same problems we see in theology today as relating to the use and appropriation of classical theology in a 21st-century context. Ideas about the necessity of classical primary sources of Christianity in sustaining Reformed theology are once again becoming important, and Mastricht has many insights in this area. The last thirty years have witnessed a remarkable revolution in the study of Reformed Orthodoxy, that broad movement of theological consolidation which took place in the two centuries between the early breakthroughs of the Reformation and the reorganization of intellectual disciplines within the university world heralded by the arrival of the various intellectual and cultural developments known collectively as the Enlightenment. The old models which tended to prioritize one or two figures in the Reformation. In place of this older scholarship, we now have a growing number of studies which seek to place Reformed thinkers of the period in a much wider context. One of the results of this is that serious scholarly attention is now being directed at figures who were previously neglected, such as Petrus van Mastricht, a German-Dutch theologian, who has emerged as significant voices in shaping the Christianity of his day. He was the author of a major system of divinity. This work is in the process of being translated into English (two volumes are available at the time of writing). Mastricht is also the subject of a growing body of literature in English, of which this volume is a fine example. The essays contained in book work represent precisely the range of scholarly interests that the new approach to Reformed Orthodoxy has come to embody. Dealing specifically with the areas of theology, philosophy, and reception, this book points toward three critical areas of study.

The question of how theology shapes a Christian historian’s reading of the past has been debated thoroughly in various academic periodicals. Should historians recognise the role of providence in their accounts of past events? Should they sympathise with their subject’s theology? Can objectivity be lost due to theological bias? And, last but not least, is there a compromise of faith if one writes “natural” instead of “supernatural” history? Such questions are important for understanding the historian’s profession. Arnold Dallimore, who trained and specialised in pastoral ministry in Canada, wrote an influential biography of the revivalist George Whitefield, as well as others on Charles and Susanna Wesley, Edward Irving, and Charles Spurgeon. How did his Reformed theological perspective impact his historiography? How does his work fit into larger historiographical debates concerning the nature of Christian history? While other books look at Christian historiography using abstract and methodological approaches, this book examines the subject precisely by looking at the life and work of an individual historian. It does so by placing Dallimore in the context of being a minister in twentieth-century Canada as well as his role in the development of Reformed Theology in the Anglosphere. It also examines the quality of his various biographies focusing on key issues such as the nature of religious revival, the problem of Christianity and slavery, and the question of charismatic religious experience. His study concludes by examining the relationship between the discipline and profession of church history and asking what is required for one to be considered a church historian.

A Gift from England is the first extensive study of William Ames‘s (1576-1633) Latin polemical writings against Arminianism during his exile in the Dutch Republic. Through these writings, Ames quickly established himself as a champion of Reformed orthodoxy. This reputation led him to be appointed as a theological advisor to the president of the Synod of Dort (1618-9) and then to be nominated for the newly established chair of practical theology at Leiden University. The Dutch Reformed theologian who compiled Ames’s Latin works believed that Ames was indeed a precious gift from England.

By exploring Ames’s significant but neglected Latin corpus, this book uncovers Ames’s theological contributions to the central issues of the Arminian controversy. It provides a corrective to current readings of Ames’s theology by highlighting the links between his polemical writings and his better-known work, The Marrow of Theology. Ames was not, as previous scholarship has suggested, making a compromise or softening Reformed thought by finding a needed corrective in Arminianism. Instead, he was steadfastly defending the Reformed tradition against the threat of Arminianism without being blind to new philosophical and exegetical challenges.

By exploring the medieval scholastic background behind his key arguments, this book also addresses the recent scholarly debate about the medieval roots of early modern Reformed thought. It shows that, by combining Thomistic ideas of physical premotion with Scotistic metaphysics of contingency, Ames trod a path which many other Reformed theologians would follow.

W.P. Stephens’ last work before his untimely death was a volume on the theology of Heinrich Bullinger. This work was virtually fully completed save the chapter on the Lord’s Supper and has been edited by Joe Mock and Jim West at the wishes of the author and presents the theology of Bullinger following the same pattern of presentation as Stpehens utilized in his work on the Theology of Huldrych Zwingli. Each major theological topic is treated and fully described.

This study considers sixteenth century evangelicals’ vision of a ›godly‹ commonwealth within the broader context of political, religious, social, and intellectual changes in Tudor England. Using the clergyman and bestselling author, Thomas Becon (1512–1567), as a case study, Brian L. Hanson argues that evangelical views of the commonwealth were situation-dependent rather than uniform, fluctuating from individual to individual. His study examines the ways commonwealth rhetoric was used by evangelicals and how that rhetoric developed and changed. While this study draws from English Reformation historiography by acknowledging the chronology of reform, it engages with interdisciplinary texts on poverty, gender, and the economy in order to demonstrate the intersection of commonwealth rhetoric with Renaissance humanism. Furthermore, the experience of exile and the languages of prophecy and companionship directly influenced commonwealth rhetoric and dictated the priorities, vocabulary, and political expression of the evangelicals. As sixteenth-century England vacillated in its religious direction and priorities, the evangelicals were faced with a political conundrum and the tension between obedience and ›lawful‹ disobedience. There was ultimately a fundamental disagreement on the nature and criteria of obedience. Hanson’s study makes a further contribution to the emerging conversation about English commonwealth politics by examining the important issues of obedience and disobedience within the evangelical community. A correct assessment of the issues surrounding the relationship between evangelicals and the commonwealth government will lead to a rediscovery of both the complexities of evangelical commonwealth rhetoric and the tension between the biblical command to submit to civil authorities and the injunction to ›obey God rather than man‹.

The doctrines of covenant, faith, and the order of salvation are crucial components of early modern Reformed soteriology. In seventeenth-century England, these three major doctrines of Reformed theology, which had been taken over undeveloped from the Reformers, took a mature shape, but aroused controversies among diverse Protestant groups. Modern historical scholarship on Reformed orthodoxy has produced little significant research that deals with these doctrines synthetically. This examination explores the broader role of faith in relation to these two significant doctrines for salvation in the early modern Reformed theology, with specific reference to the thought of Thomas Goodwin.

To this end, Hyo-Nam Kim examines Goodwin’s life to review his religious experience and to understand his socio-theological context. Goodwin’s soteriology was sharpened by his battles on two fronts: The first is the threat of Arminian, Neonomian, and Socinian soteriologies that tended to place meritorious value on faith and on human acts. The second is the Antinomian errors that undervalued faith and human responsibility.

Goodwin regarded faith as a key concept for his soteriology. Faith plays a central role in the covenant theology not only because a lack of faith was the immediate cause of breaking the covenant of works, but because saving faith was ordained in the covenant of redemption, and actually functions in the covenant of grace, as the instrument and a condition for the recovery of the relationship of mankind with God.

Examination of Goodwin’s ordo salutis provides specific insight into the place and function of faith in the covenant of grace since each element of an ordo salutis refers to the blessings prepared for the elect to be finally saved. Together with the role of faith in Goodwin’s covenant theology, therefore, the reconstruction of Goodwin’s ordo salutis and the close examination of the role of faith in each blessing confirm that although faith may be said to be both an instrument and a condition for salvation, faith is the perfect instrument both for making salvation totally God’s gracious work, and for showing that the elect are not passive objects in the covenant.

Die Vita Heinrich Altings stellt eine frühneuzeitliche Bildungsbiografie mit spannungsgeladenen Elementen und bedrohlichen Momenten dar. Dem kurfürstlichen Haus der Wittelsbacher in Heidelberg verdankte er den sozialen Aufstieg und die Begegnung mit führenden Persönlichkeiten der reformiert-transkontinentalen Welt. Nicht zuletzt war sein Zögling Friedrich V., der „Winterkönig“, eine schicksalhafte Figur, wie Alting selbst einräumt, im Rahmen der Formierung und des Zerfalls einer religiös-politisch motivierten Union und ihrer Expansion und Implosion. Es handelte sich für den friesischen Pastorensohn und reformierten Gelehrten um eine res publica litteraria im Wandel, die ihm Zugang zu namhaften Universitäten und wichtigen höfischen Anlässen verschaffte, aber auch seine Existenz und die seiner Angehörigen massiv bedrohen konnte. Der Ausbruch des Dreißigjährigen Krieges beförderte ihn ins Exil in die Niederlande. Dort entstanden seine Spätschriften von nachhaltiger Bedeutung.

From his death in 1761 through the American Civil War, Samuel Davies was a recognized name among American Presbyterians, yet for more than a century he has remained far more obscure in discussions of American religion. During the mid-Eighteenth Century, New Side Presbyterian evangelist and preacher Samuel Davies was a pioneer for religious toleration in Colonial America, yet to date no single work has examined Davies’ vision for the interior life. Theology and Spirituality in the Works of Samuel Davies is the first monograph-length analysis of Davies’ conception of Christian spirituality. After a decade of pastoral ministry to congregations in Virginia, Davies followed eminent American theologian Jonathan Edwards as the fourth President of the College of New Jersey (Princeton University), a tenure cut short by his early death at age thirty-seven. J.C. Harrod examines various aspects of Davies’ own personal piety as well as the place that Scripture, conversion, holiness, and the means of grace played in his formulation of Christian piety.

The dramatic task of re-imagining clerical identity proved crucial to the Renaissance and Reformation. Jon Wood brings new light to ways in which that discussion animated reconfigurations of church, state, and early modern populace. End-Times considerations of Christian religion had played a part in upheavals throughout the medieval period, but the Reformation era mobilized that tradition with some new possibilities for understanding institutional leadership. Perceiving dangers of an overweening institution on the one hand and anarchic “priesthood of all believers” on the other hand, early Protestants defended legitimacy of ordained ministry in careful coordination with the state. The early Reformation in Zurich emphatically disestablished traditional priesthood in favour of a state-supported “prophethood” of exegetical-linguistic expertise. The author shows that Heinrich Bullinger’s End-Times worldview led him to reclaim for Protestant Zurich a notion of specifically clerical “priesthood,” albeit neither in terms of statist bureaucracy nor in terms of the traditional sacramental character that his precursor (Huldrych Zwingli) had dismantled. Clerical priesthood was an extraordinarily fraught subject in the sixteenth century, especially in the Swiss Confederation. Heinrich Bullinger’s private manuscripts helpfully supplement his more circumscribed published works on this subject. The argument about reclaiming a modified institutional priesthood of Protestantism also prompts re-assessment of broader Reformation history in areas of church-state coordination and in major theological concepts of “covenant” and “justification” that defined religious/confessional distinctions of that era.

In the study of Christian eschatological thought, virtually no attention has been given to past interpretations of the biblical phrase the new heavens and earth. John Duff uncovers the interpretations of this phrase that were extant in seventeenth-century England. These interpretations fall into two basic camps—those that understood the phrase metaphorically and those that understood the phrase literally.Some English divines believed the new heavens and earth referred to the new age of the gospel that commenced in the first century CE. At that time, God flung open the doors of salvation to Gentiles while at the same time bringing judgment to the Jewish nation for its failure to recognize and embrace Jesus as Messiah. This epic transition was fittingly described as a new heavens and earth.A second group of English interpreters believed the phrase stood for a yet future time when the political and religious circumstances of the world would change for the betterment of the church for one thousand years. The new heavens and earth stood for a future millennium in which Christ would establish his reign over the world prior to the day of resurrection and final judgment. Theologians who accepted a literal understanding believed the new heavens and earth described the renovation of the physical creation at the final judgment. Among this group, differences of opinion existed with respect to how much of the world would need cleansing, what creatures would be restored and of what use would a renovated world serve. The idea that the earth, and not heaven, would be the final abode of the saints emerged among a few obscure writers.

Kyle J. Dieleman focuses on the doctrinal and practical importance of Sunday observance in the early modern Reformed communities in the Low Countries. My project investigates the theological import of the Sabbath and its practical applications. The first step is to focus on how Dutch Reformed theologians conceived of the Sabbath. The theology of the Sabbath, I argue, moves over time from an emphasis on spiritual rest to participating in the ministries of the church to a strict rest from all work and recreation. The next step is to explore congregants’ actual Sunday practices. By attending to church governance records at the national, regional, and local levels the importance of proper Sabbath observance quickly becomes clear. The provincial synod records, classes’ records, and consistory records indicate that church authorities were adamant that church members faithfully attend sermon and catechism services, refrain from sinful practices, and abstain from recreational activities. Equally as telling as the observance demanded of church members is how church authorities responded. The church records portray these authorities as fretting over the disordered and unregulated nature of improper Sabbath observance. Having established the importance of the Sabbath in Dutch Reformed theology and lived piety, I argue the emphasis on Sunday observance is best understood as resulting from two main factors. First, the emphasis on proper Sunday observance is a result of the Reformed church authorities attempting to maintain the pious reputation of the Reformed faith and establish the identity of the Reformed Church amid multiple other confessional identities. Second, proper observance of the Sabbath was important because it ensured order within the church and society more broadly.

This study explores the Cocceian-Voetian debate through the eyes of Francis Turretin (1623–1687). There is a dearth of research on Turretin’s take on this debate, the author will parse out how Turretin adheres to the Voetianism of the Utrecht theologian Melchior Leydekker (1642–1721) while remaining conciliatory to the Cocceians. With Leydekker, Turretin argues that Christ’s suretyship in the Old Testament is identical to what it is in the New Testament. As the Father decrees that Christ is the most perfect and certain fulfiller of God’s promise, the ancients benefit from Christ’s sacrifice as much as do the saints in the New. The sins of the elect must be fully forgiven regardless of the progress of redemption in history, for the faithful both in the Old and the New are saved by the same grace of Christ, the expromissor. At the same time, not only does Turretin leave out some of the controversial issues between the two parties, but he also tends to neutralize Leydekker’s acid criticism of the extreme form of Cocceianism. This conciliatory gesture indicates that Turretin does not consider Cocceianism his archenemy. Seen in this light, Turretin can be viewed as a moderate and peaceful Voetian.

Darren M. Pollock examines the 1611 Romans hexapla commentary by the prolific Church of England preacher and controversialist Andrew Willet. While some have considered Willet's later biblical commentaries to have been a retreat from his earlier engagement in religious controversy, the author argues that his exegetical work maintained a significant element of anti-Catholic polemics, only expressed in a different genre. This polemical hermeneutic served as an organizing principle and as a means by which to clarify the presentation of traditional Reformed readings in relief against a body of Roman Catholic theology that Willet believed threatened the gospel of grace. Paulös letter provided ample opportunity for Willet to identify what is distinctive about Reformed theology – or rather, as Willet would have it, the particular ways in which »papist« dogma had diverged from the true line of Christian belief running from the Fathers through to the (truly »catholic«) Reformed church of the seventeenth century.Willet's exegesis highlights many of the polemical issues that had long been contended between Protestants and Catholics, including the authentic versions of the bible, Scripture's attributes, and principles of interpretation, as well as doctrines like justification, predestination, the assurance of salvation, and the place of good works. A close investigation into Willet's exegetical method also helps to see how an identifiable hermeneutical lens is consistent with a disciplined reading that is faithful to the text. His polemical focus does not corrupt his exegesis or force upon it meanings that are alien to the text itself; rather, his polemical hermeneutic serves to focus his attention and frame positive doctrinal statements against the sharp contrast of alternate readings.

This is a study on Reformed theological debates during the »Long Eighteenth Century« in Britain and New England. By »Long« a period that goes beyond 1700–1799 is in view. This examination begins just before the eighteenth century by looking at the Neonomian-Antinomian debate in the 1690s. This is followed by the Marrow Controversy in Scotland in the eighteenth century. After that, the authors address the ecclesiological debates between George Whitefield and the Erskines. The doctrine of free choice concerning Edwards and his departure from classical Reformed orthodoxy is highlighted next, followed by reflections on the Edwardseans and the atonement. Returning to Britain again, the volume provides a study on hyper-Calvinism, and on eschatological differences among key figures in the eighteenth century. More specific debates in particular Baptist circles are noted, including the battle over Sandemandianism and the Trinitarian battles fought by Andrew Fuller and others. Returning to ecclesiology, a discussion on the subscription controversy in Philadelphia in the early eighteenth century and an analysis of the debate about the nature of »revival« in New England close this volume.

The doctrine of the pactum salutis (covenant of redemption) offers the idea of a covenant between the very persons of the Trinity for the redemption of humanity. The doctrine received most of its attention in seventeenth-century Reformed theology, and has been criticized and almost totally forgotten in dogmatics since the eighteenth century. Most recent Reformed dogmatics tend to ignore the doctrine or disparage it from biblical, trinitarian, christological, pneumatological, and soteriological perspectives-namely, the doctrine lacks scriptural basis; it is tritheistic; it leads to subordination of the Son; it omits the role of the Holy Spirit; and it applies a deterministic idea for the Christian life. The theologies of Witsius, Owen, Dickson, Goodwin, and Cocceius portray a very robust form of the doctrine. Witsius argues with the help of a peculiar methodology of cross-referencing and collation of related scriptural texts that the doctrine is firmly based on biblical exegesis that was passed on from the patristic era. The doctrine formulated by Owen endorses the doctrines of inseparable operations and terminus operationis so as to give deep insight into the Trinity. In Dickson's doctrine, the Son's voluntary consent and obedience to the will of the Father are highly emphasized. Likewise, Goodwin's depiction of the Holy Spirit secures the divinity of the Spirit as well as his indispensable role for the transaction and accomplishment of the pactum. The doctrine in the theology of Cocceius sheds much light on the vibrant dynamic of the Christian life in accordance with the ordo salutis. The doctrine of the pactum salutis of the five Reformed theologians clearly shows that the doctrine is both promised and promising for theology and the life of faith.

Die epochale Bedeutung des Denkens von René Descartes ist für die Philosophie- und Geistesgeschichte der Neuzeit unbestritten. In welch hohem Maße auch die reformierte Theologie die neue Philosophie des 17. Jahrhunderts aufgenommen und diskutiert hat, zeigt Kai-Ole Eberhardts Analyse von Leben und Werk des Theologieprofessors Christoph Wittich. Wittich repräsentiert eine Gruppe von Gelehrten, die von der Bedeutung Descartes' zutiefst überzeugt waren und sich gegen großen Widerstand aus Kirche und Theologie für die Rezeption des cartesianischen Wissenschafts- und Weltbildes eingesetzt haben. Der Verlauf von Wittichs Karriere, ausgehend von seinem Studium in den Niederlanden über Professuren in Herborn, Duisburg, Nijmegen und Leiden, illustriert die Entstehung eines cartesianischen Gelehrtennetzwerkes und dessen Auseinandersetzungen mit Vertretern einer anticartesianischen Theologie. Eine detaillierte Analyse der Hauptwerke Wittichs gewährt Einblicke in die Entstehung einer Theologie, die sowohl beansprucht, reformiert-orthodox zu sein als auch dem modernen Wissenschaftskonzept des Cartesianismus zu entsprechen.

For more than two millennia believers have struggled with the antinomy of God's absolute sovereignty over and man's ultimate responsibility in justification and sanctification. Theologians have used some version of the terms »active justification« and »definitive sanctification« in an attempt to illuminate this mystery. However, in the past decade scholars have begun to criticize these concepts, saying that they are unsupported in Scripture, lead to theological confusion, and are of no practical benefit to believers.Through the work of theologians from the broader Dutch Reformed tradition, especially Herman Bavinck, Alexander Comrie, Herman Witsius, and Abraham Kuyper. Jae-Eun Park demonstrates that the terms »active justification« and »definitive sanctification« are derived from Scripture and serve to clarify, not obscure the doctrines of justification and sanctification. In addition, the book shows that neglect, misuse, or misunderstanding of the terms have resulted in contemporary criticisms that are unconvincing and unfounded.Writings of the aforementioned theologians define and expound four characteristics held in common between active justification and definitive sanctification, i.e., inseparability, objectivity and decisiveness, Christ-centeredness, and God's absolute sovereignty – concepts of the mentioned theologians. All four characteristics of active justification and definitive sanctification emphasize the »God-driven« nature of salvation.Jae-Eun Park explains how – when properly defined and presented – the two terms are important theologically, bringing clarity to the issue of the perfect balance between God's sovereignty and human responsibility in salvation. He also shows how active justification and definitive sanctification offers practical assurance of their perseverance unto glory to true believers, and provides pastors with an invaluable tool for exhorting parishioners who may have lapsed into either triumphalism or defeatism.

How does John Calvin view the church? And how does the pivotal event of Pentecost influence his view on the church? In his commentary on the Acts of the Apostles Calvin shows how Pentecost and the preaching of the Gospel gives rise to the church.

For Calvin the new and peculiar aspect of Pentecost is articulated by the phrases »I will pour out« and »on all flesh« (Acts 2:17).

The first phrase ("I will pour out") leads to a discussion of the Holy Spirit who leads the church and the believers by the Word and his secret guidance. All gifts flow from the Holy Spirit. Therefore, the study focuses on Calvin's view on the gifts of the Holy Spirit and on their use in church. The author argues that the gifts of the Spirit are the basis of Calvin's interpretation of Christian church.
The second phrase ("on all flesh") leads to a discussion of the inclusion of the Gentiles in the church. The author treats different ecclesiologic topics of importance: He analyses the most important aspects of church that Calvin identifies in the book of Acts. His reflections are aiming at a convincing theological appreciation of the sacraments, in particular of the sacrament of baptism.

By addressing Calvin's thoughts as elements of his historical context and including contemporary impulses to these issues, the author is able to present conclusive arguments for his main claim: Calvin's commentary on Acts enriches and qualifies Calvin's own systematic ecclesiology as found in his main doctrinal work, the Institutes.

Coolhaes was a Reformed preacher, a writer of theology, a critic of the churches of his day, and an advocate of religious diversity. Coolhaes opposed much of the building up of the organization of the Reformed Church in the Northern Netherlands and Dutch Republic in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The struggle between Coolhaes and the Leiden magistrates on one side and the Leiden consistory and fellow-preacher Pieter Cornelisz on the other encapsulated the question of authority which was being asked by many. At the same time, Coolhaes' theology, especially his Spiritualistic understanding of the sacraments, his Erastianism, and his views on free will made him suspicious to his Reformed colleagues. The latter of which leading him later to be labeled »the forerunner of Arminius and the Remonstrants«. All this eventually led to his defrocking at the synod of Middelburg and soon after to excommunication from the Reformed Church. The question this book answers, therefore, is: What sort of church would the critic Coolhaes himself have wanted to design for the new Republic?The first part of the book gives a new biographical sketch. Fresh information, sources, and un-examined works by Coolhaes himself have been uncovered since H.C. Rogge's nineteenth-century biography. In the second part the ecclesiology of Coolhaes takes center stage: His ideal church would have been characterized by diversity, for diversity of religious confessions in the same society would stabilize it and diversity of views even within a confession would not harm it.

Historians and scholars of the Reformation's earliest century are invited to expand their understanding of that critical era by an examination of aspects of Reform which are lesser known than Luther and his activities. This volume widens and deepens and broadens our perceptions of »the Reformation« and reminds us that in fact what we have in the 16th and early 17th century are »Reformations«.
On the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the German monk and reformer Martin Luther posting his theses (October 31, 1517), the contributors of this volume invite us to expand our understanding of »the Reformation« by an examination of aspects of Reform which are lesser known than Luther to probe some less-explored corners of the Reformation. To be sure, Martin Luther himself receives attention in this volume. But the aim of this book is really to take the occasion provided by the increased attention paid to the Reformation during the year 2017 to explore other theologians, movements, and ideas. The expanding of the scholarly mind and opening up of new vistas often overshadowed by larger figures, like Luther, can only be good for the study of the Reformation and Early Modern era.
This volume is intended for students of early modern Church history with a particular focus on the non-Lutheran aspects of that history.

Joel R. Beeke’s work is an academic monograph of historical theology that examines three flashpoints of controversy in Reformation and Post-Reformation theology. As the subtitle, Early Lutheran Predestination, Calvinian Reprobation, and Variations in Genevan Lapsarianism implies, the work addresses, first, the development of the Lutheran doctrine of predestination from Martin Luther (1483–1546) and Philip Melanchthon (1497–1560) to the Formula of Concord (1577); second, the development of John Calvin’s (1509–1564) doctrine of reprobation as traced through his writings; and third, the doctrine of predestination in Geneva with a particular emphasis on lapsarianism from Theodore Beza (1519–1605) in the sixteenth century to Jean-Alphonse Turretin (1671–1737) and Jacob Vernet (1698–1789) in the eighteenth century.

The fruit of three decades of study by a professor of systematic theology who specializes in Reformation and Post-Reformation theology, this book offers a harvest of insights into questions that stood at the center of Reformation debates. Dr. Donald Sinnema, a leading scholar in predestinarian theology and the Synod of Dort, writes: “Beeke addresses these difficult matters with sensitivity to historical context and development, with systematic acuity, and a broad grasp of secondary scholarly literature with which he dialogues. The result is a balanced analysis of these issues that should bring greater clarity to scholarly understanding of the doctrine of predestination in the early modern era.”

Carmichael argues that Johannes Cocceius’s theology of the Sabbath serves as a window through which one can view more clearly his federal theology or covenant theology. Covenant theology was the most distinctive feature of his theology. Moreover, Cocceius spent a notable portion of his life engaging in the Leiden Sabbath Controversies from 1655 to 1659, which played a key role in the split of the Reformed Dutch Republic into two socio-political blocs—Cocceians and Voetians. So far scholars have tended to overlook this critical phase in Cocceius’s theological development. Carmichael sheds light on it by looking at the theological texts that Cocceius wrote that absorbed his attention during this significant period. Casey Carmichael examines first the evolution of the problem of the Sabbath in Cocceius’s theological tradition—Reformed Orthodoxy—in Chapters 2–4 and second the development of Cocceius’s doctrine of the Sabbath, structured around the Leiden Sabbath Controversies, in Chapters 5–8.

For more than forty years now there has been a steady stream of interest in Richard Hooker. This renaissance in Hooker Studies began with the publication of the Folger Library Edition of the Works of Richard Hooker. With this renaissance has come a growing recognition that it is anachronistic to classify Hooker simply as an Anglican thinker, but as yet, no generally agreed-upon alternative label, or context for his thought, has replaced this older conception; in particular, the question of Hooker’s Reformed identity remains hotly contested. Given the relatively limited engagement of Hooker scholarship with other branches of Reformation and early modern scholarship to date, there is a growing recognition that Hooker must be evaluated not only against the context of English puritanism and conformism but also in light of his broad international Reformed context. At the same time, it has become clear that, if this is so, scholars of continental Reformed orthodoxy must take stock of Hooker’s work as one of the landmark theological achievements of the era. This volume aims to facilitate this long-needed conversation, bringing together a wide range of scholars to consider Richard Hooker’s theology within the full context of late 16th- and early 17th-century Reformed orthodoxy, both in England and on the Continent. The essays seek to bring Hooker into conversation not merely with contemporaries familiar to Hooker scholarship, such as William Perkins, but also with such contemporaries as Jerome Zanchi and Franciscus Junius, predecessors such as Heinrich Bullinger, and successors such as John Davenant, John Owen, and Hugo Grotius. In considering how these successors of Hooker identified themselves in relation to his theology, these essays will also shed light on how Hooker was perceived within 17th-century Reformed circles. The theological topics touched on in the course of these essays include such central issues as the doctrine of Scripture, predestination, Christology, soteriology, the sacraments, and law. It is hoped that these essays will continue to stimulate further research on these important questions among a wide community of scholars.

This volume contains the collection of papers presented at the 11th International Congress on Calvin Research that took place in Zurich in 2014, and was hosted by the Institute for Swiss Reformation history. While many colleagues of Calvin addressed him in their letters as ‘Pastor Ecclesiae’ (Pastor of the Church), this is also the position he held when he passed away, 450 years before the congress in Zurich took place. The first part of the book consists of the plenary papers presented by leading scholars in Reformation history and theology, uncovering new grounds in Calvin research that may well evoke further research. In the second part, the seminars held at the Congress are published, and the third part consists of a selection of short papers presented at the Congress. These papers cover a wide variety of themes related to Calvin. They demonstrate that the interest in Calvin research since the Calvin-year in 2009 is even growing and that there is still much to be discovered.With contributions by: Forrest Buckner, Amy Nelson Burnett, Esther Chung-Kim, Max Engammare, Patrizio Foresta, Aurelio Garcia, Christian Grosse, Pierrick Hildebrand, R. Ward Holder, Luka Ilić, Jung-Sook Lee, Jeannette Kreijkes, Anthony N.S. Lane, Jonathan Lett, Karin Maag, Balázs Dávid Magyar, Elsie Anne McKee, Joe Mock, Wim Moehn, Jeannine Olson, Peter Opitz, György Papp, Johanna Rahner, Herman J. Selderhuis, Petr Škubal, Herman A. Speelman, Sun-kwon Kim, John L. Thompson, David M. Whitford, and Piotr Wilczek.

Campegius Vitringa (1659–1722) of Franeker University was a biblical scholar of considerable influence for the first half of the 18th century. Similar to that of Calvin, his exegetical methodology attempts to walk a via media between the historicism of Grotius (1583-1645) and the Christocentrism of Cocceius (1603–1669). His magnum opus was a widely-acclaimed commentary on Isaiah (1720). Vitringa scholars have charted his influence along a historical-critical trajectory (including Schultens, Venema, Alberti, Manger, Delitzsch, and Gesenius) and along a Pietistic trajectory (including Franke, Lange, and Bengel, leading toward Lessing, Herder and German Idealism). The book includes the first biography in English and compares his hermeneneutical theoria with his praxis. It analyzes Vitringa’s exegetical presuppositions, his remarkably high view of the Bible, and his canones hermeneuticos (highly valued by J.J. Rambach [1693–1735]). It shows Vitringa’s contextual sensitivity at every level of exegesis, commitment to New Testament normativity in the reading of Isaiah (in which redemptive history is the ultimate hermeneutical horizon), nuanced views on the historical fulfillment of prophecy, and concern for pastoral application. A scholar’s scholar, widely admired for his mastery of the languages and his intense historical focus in exegesis, Vitringa was also appreciated for his orthodox views, warm-hearted piety, and love for the church.

Stefan Lindholm examines the Christology of Jerome Zanchi (1516–90), a leading 16th century reformed scholastic theologian. The study as a whole is bound together by doctrinal topics, themes and trajectories important to the 16th century, Christological debates as well as by philosophical issues and arguments. The first part is concerned with research in reformed scholasticism and Christological method, the second part with the hypostatic union and the third part with the consequences of the union.

The Italian reformer Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499-1561) arrived in Zurich in 1556 after long years of fleeing from the Roman inquisition, and taught there as professor of Old Testament studies. Moreover, he took part in the religious colloquy of Poissy as a church diplomat and wbecame an important collaborator of Heinrich Bullinger and Johannes Calvin.Michael Baumann examines the biography of Vermigli’s last years, his theology (trained in late medieval scholasticism, but reasoning biblically as a reformed theologian) and Vermigli’s impact on Zurich’s church history.

The covenant of redemption (pactum salutis), the eternal intra-trinitarian covenant, was a common staple within Early Modern Reformed theology, yet there are very few historical works that examine this doctrine. J. V. Fesko’s study, The Covenant of Redemption: Origins, Development, and Reception, seeks to address this lacuna.In the contemporary period the covenant of redemption has been derided as speculative, mythological, a declension from trinitarianism, or erroneously derived from one or two biblical proof-texts. Yet seldom have critics carefully engaged the primary sources to examine the different formulations, supporting exegesis, and ways in which the doctrine was employed.Far from speculation, sub-trinitarian, or a cold business transaction, proponents of the covenant of redemption constructed this doctrine based upon a web of interconnected biblical texts and were very sensitive to maintaining a robust doctrine of the trinity, as they employed this doctrine as a bulwark against the anti-trinitarian claims of Socinian theologians. Proponents of the doctrine also saw this pre-temporal covenant as the embodiment of intra-trinitarian love that overflows unto those chosen in Christ for their salvation and ultimate fellowship with the triune God.John V. Fesko explores the historical origins of the doctrine and then surveys its development in the seventeenth- through nineteenth-centuries, examining key advocates of the doctrine including, David Dickson, Herman Witsius, Johannes Cocceius, Francis Turretin, Patrick Gillespie, John Gill, Jonathan Edwards, Charles Hodge, and A. A. Hodge. He then examines the contemporary reception of the doctrine in the twentieth century with a survey of the doctrine’s critics, including Karl Barth, Herman Hoeksema, Klaas Schilder, and John Murray. After exploring the claims of the critics, the study moves to examine the views of twentieth-century proponents, including Geerhardus Vos, Herman Bavinck, Abraham Kuyper, Louis Berkhof, and G. C. Berkouwer.

Over the past several centuries, John Owen’s writings on scripture have captured the attention of numerous interpreters across a relatively diverse range of disciplines. His own distinctive contribution to this doctrine was forged with a genuine fear for the on-going pre-eminence of scriptural authority in the English church firmly in view. In the face of various rival perspectives, Owen insists every Christian believer ought to be clear on the reason they believe scripture to be the word of God. Focussing on the treatise Reason of Faith (1677) in conversation with his wider theological corpus, Andrew M. Leslie studies Owen’s approach to scriptural authority and Christian faith. He argues that Owen creatively drew upon an ecumenical dogmatic and metaphysical heritage to restate and refine the traditional Reformed position on scripture’s divine authority, sensitive to developments in his own late seventeenth-century context. In particular, Leslie explores how Owen shares a growing concern to ground Christian faith in objective evidence, all-the-while ensuring that its ultimate foundation lies in the irresistible authority and truthfulness of God, mediated “in and by” the inspired text of scripture. Leslie also draws out the broader significance Owen ascribes to scripture in shaping a believer’s relationship with the Triune God, especially its vital role in their gradual transformation into the likeness or image of Christ.

It has often been noted that the Protestant Reformation of the early sixteenth century witnessed a revived interest in the scriptural notions of prophets and prophecy. Drawing from both late medieval apocalyptic expectations of the immanent end of the world and from a humanist revival of biblical studies, the prophet appeared to many as a suitable role model for the Protestant preacher. A prominent proponent of this prophetic model was the Swiss theologian and church leader Heinrich Bullinger (1504–1575). This study by Daniël Timmerman presents the first in-depth investigation of Bullinger’s concept of prophecy and his understanding of the prophetic office. It also engages with the history of the Zurich institute for the study of the Scriptures, which has become widely known as the »Prophezei«.

The life and writings of Hercules Collins provide a window into understanding how seventeenth-century Baptists viewed themselves in relationship to historic Christianity and Puritan orthodoxy: Collins was not only a respected member of the Particular Baptist community, but was also a faithful representative of that community. G. Stephen Weaver Jr.'s examination of Collins’ commitment to historic Christianity and Protestant orthodoxy serves as an opportunity to understand better the doctrinal commitments of seventeenth-century English Particular Baptists.

The free offer of the gospel has been a matter of significant debate within Reformed theology. However, despite this controversy, Reformed theologians such as James Durham preached a gospel offer which was a sincere and free invitation from God to all, to embrace Jesus Christ as Saviour. This gospel offer expressed God’s grace and goodness to all. Donald MacLean argues that Durham’s doctrinal position is representative of the Westminster Standards and embraced by his contemporaries and evidenced by the later disputes concerning the meaning of the teaching of the Westminster Confession of Faith.

Byung Soo Han intends to answer, by investigating the merger of patristic and contemporary sources in the theological method of Amandus Polanus, a significant question concerning the way in which the intellectual and methodological eclecticism of the Reformed was able to establish a coherent “system” of thought capable of defense as not only confessional but also orthodox in its theology and broadly catholic, drawing both on the thought of the Reformers and on the resources of the great tradition of Christian thought that extended back to the church fathers. From a methodological perspective, Polanus’s development from the Ramistically-organized doctrinal framework of the early Partitiones, through the increasingly detailed and specialized efforts of the commentaries, disputations, and Symphonia, indicates a fairly clear, concerted effort to build toward a detailed systematic presentation – and in fact, each of these earlier efforts provided as it were building-blocks that would be incorporated into the Syntagma. This constructive labor itself serves to set aside the claim that Polanus based his theology on a deductive principle. The specific focus of the book is on the place and function of backgrounds and sources, traditional and contemporary, with particular emphasis on the place of the church fathers in Reformed orthodoxy. Polanus’s patristic work, Symphonia, and its eventual impact on his full systematic work, the Syntagma, provides a singular case, within the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, of the reformulation of patristic thought in a fully systematized form, suitable for combination with the results of biblical exegesis and contemporary doctrinal argumentation in the formulation of Reformed orthodox theology. This study attempts to assess the claim of catholicity and orthodoxy by Reformed theology, demonstrating the formative function of patristic thought in Polanus’s theology. Further, the study illustrates the place of this traditionary exercise within the methodologically eclectic approach followed by Polanus and his contemporaries as they created a theology that drew not only on Scripture and contemporary philosophical assumptions but also on patristic, medieval, Reformation-era, traditionary Aristotelian, Platonic, and Ramist sources. This study, therefore, reappraises the development of Reformed orthodoxy. In Polanus’s case, an older scholarship that read his theology as based on central dogmas or as an exercise of rationalism will be set aside in favor of a more nuanced view of his sources and method. Within this larger framework, Polanus’s use of the fathers builds on and confirms the Reformers’s assumption of catholicity in the face of the detailed polemics of Robert Bellarmine as well as confirming the point that his approach to formulation was traditionary and somewhat eclectic. Finally, the book identifies the theological cohesion of the early orthodox Reformed model, as exemplified by Polanus’s thought, especially in its method of drawing together of traditionary materials from varied sources. In short, the book demonstrates the importance of the church fathers to the formulation of a Reformed orthodox and catholic theology in the context of showing, contrary to previous studies of Polanus’s thought and contrary to the older stereotypes of “Calvinist” orthodoxy, that Reformed orthodoxy was neither a rigid monolith nor a matter of philosophical speculation but the product of a carefully conceived exercise in the compilation and assessment of biblical and traditionary materials.

There is a growing body of historical literature on the importance of John Owen. Ryan M. McGraw seeks to reassess Owen’s theology in light of the way in which he connected his trinitarian piety to his views of public worship. McGraw argues that Owen´s teaching on communion with God as triune was the foundation of his views of public worship and that he regarded public worship as the highest expression of communion with the triune God. These themes not only highlight Owen’s context as a Reformed orthodox theologian, but the distinctive influence of English Puritanism on his theological emphases. The connection between his practical trinitarianism and public worship runs through the course of his writings and every major area of his theology. These include the nature of theology, the knowledge of God, the doctrine of the Trinity, public worship, spiritual affections, apostasy, covenant theology, ecclesiology, and Christology. This work treats these themes in Owen’s thought and shows how they intersect and are intertwined with the Trinity and public worship. In addition, this book provides a detailed exposition of the parts of Reformed worship. While other works have treated the centrality of his trinitarianism in his theology, few have acknowledged the importance of public worship in his thinking. This research concludes that communion with God in public worship was integral to Owen’s practical trinitarian theology.

Eric Platt examines British participation in the Dutch religious and political disputes of the early 17th century (the Bestandstwisten) and its significant impact on both countries. Although the disputes began over predestination, they quickly took on political overtones as the two sides, the Remonstrants (Arminians) and Contra-Remonstrants, vehemently debated proper church-state relations and leading Dutch officials began supporting differing sides. By 1611 King James I and other important British figures had also become closely involved. Although the King’s initial impulse was to defuse the conflict, he eventually threw his considerable influence behind the Contra-Remonstrants. This assistance helped them and their political allies secure victory, and a large British contingent participated in the Synod of Dordt that took place in the aftermath of the conflict. Not all British influences, however, came about as a result of direct involvement. Both sidesgreatly relied on British precedents and sources in arguing their positions. The conflict also had an impact on Great Britain. Observers there closely followed developments in the Bestandstwisten and repeatedly expressed concern that the conflict would spread to the British Isles. These fears proved true as the Dutch disputes contributed to increased British disputes about predestination during the 1620s.Scholars have long recognized the importance of the Bestandstwisten and Synod of Dordt for Dutch history and the development of Reformed doctrine. But there has never before been published a full-length treatment of the British involvement in the conflict and its impact on both countries. As the world prepares to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the Synod of Dordt, Platt’s book fills this scholarly gap.

The thirteen essays in this volume were all originally presented at international conferences or in public lectures.They address three main areas of inquiry, all of which, in one way or another, are of key importance in early modern historical discourse and theological thinking: (1) the theological diversity and debates within the Reformed tradition in the sixteenth century and beyond; (2) Peter Martyr Vermigli’s noteworthy contribution to Reformed ecclesiology and biblical exegesis; and (3) the later development and enrichment of Reformed thought on both sides of the Atlantic. They show that the Reformed tradition was neither monolithic, nor monochrome, nor immutable, but evolved in different, if interrelated, patterns and directions.

James E. Bruce explores the relationship between morality and God’s free choices in the thought of Francis Turretin (1623–1687). The first book-length treatment of Turretin’s natural law theory, Rights in the Law provides an important theological backdrop to Early Modern moral and political philosophy. Turretin affirms Thomas Aquinas’s approach to the natural law, calling it the common opinion of the Reformed orthodox, but he develops it, too, by introducing a threefold scheme of right (ius)—divine, natural, and positive—to explain how change within the law is possible. For example, God can change the specific day for Sabbath observance from Saturday to Sunday—from positive right—without changing the natural law precept that finite creatures ought to rest. Yet even with respect to the natural law God is still free. God can make a world in which there is no such thing as murder: he can choose not to make a world that contains such a thing as man. What God cannot do is make a murderable man. So God’s free choices determine the natural law insofar as the natural law is constituted by the nature of the things that God has chosen to create.

Das Calvin-Jahr 2009 gehörte zu den wichtigsten Ereignissen im Vorfeld des großen Reformationsjubiläums 2017: Eindrücklich wies es darauf hin, was die Reformation alles ist: international, ökumenisch, facettenreich – und mehr als nur ein Martin Luther mit Umfeld. In den Beiträgen dieses Bandes steht das Moment der Auseinandersetzung des Luthertums mit dem entstehenden Calvinismus im Vordergrund, sowohl in historischer als auch in systematisch-theologischer Perspektive. Das Phänomen eines Calvinismus, der überhaupt erst durch gegenseitige Ausgrenzungsprozesse entstand, beleuchten die Beiträge aus unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln. Damit erscheint letztlich auch die Ordnungskategorie „Konfession“ noch einmal als historisch variable Größe. Die Beiträge wurden verfasst von Irene Dingel, Matthias Freudenberg, Wim Janse, Robert Kolb, Martin Leiner, Volker Leppin und Herman Selderhuis.

This dissertation intends to situate Cotton Mather in the Early Enlightenment, to add observations concerning his reception in America and to overcome the image of him as a transitional figure. It proposes that especially the sections of his work which are only beginning to be explored show his particular theological position which consists in an enlightened redefinition of the roles of the Holy Spirit. This has repercussions for the content of his faith and his practical and historical belief. Approaching his works in a second step from the perspective of Early Modern Society, it attempts to show the limits of concepts brought to bear on this society, on him and on his works in particular such as the theories of the »errand« in the settlement of New England and its subsequent »decline« in its connection to psychohistory, social history and the history of mentalities. Given the overwhelming importance of the Salem witchcraft trials in the reception of Cotton Mather, further observations on the changing role of the pastorate, familial and societal education and the development of medical and natural sciences take their departure from their examination as an example of early modern phenomena of exclusion. Critical examination of this and other historical and literary, philosophical, sociological and theological concepts which prevented Cotton Mather from being seen as an Enlightenment figure are the main subject of this dissertation.

The investigation of union with Christ and justification has been dominated by the figure of John Calvin. Calvin’s influence, however, has been exaggerated in our own day. Theologians within the Early Modern Reformed tradition contributed to the development of these doctrines and did not view Calvin as the normative theologian of the tradition. John V. Fesko, therefore, goes beyond Calvin and explores union with Christ and justification in the Reformation, Early Orthodox, and High Orthodox periods of the Reformed tradition and covers lesser known but equally important figures such as Juan de Valdes, Peter Martyr Vermigli, Girolamo Zanchi, William Perkins, John Owen, Francis Turretin, and Herman Witsius. The study also covers theologians that either lie outside or transgress the Reformed tradition, such as Martin Luther, Philip Melanchthon, Faustus Socinus, Jacob Arminius, and Richard Baxter. By treating this diverse body of figures the study reveals areas of agreement and diversity on these two doctrines. The author demonstrates that among the diverse formulations, all surveyed Reformed theologians accord justification priority over sanctification within the broader rubric of union with Christ. Fesko shows that Reformed theologians affirm both union with Christ and the golden chain of salvation, ideas that moderns find incompatible. In sum, rather than reading an individual theologian isolated from his context, this study provides a contextual reading of union with Christ and justification in the Early Modern Reformed context.

Frank Ewerszumrode untersucht die Abendmahlslehre von Johannes Calvin aus römisch-katholischer Perspektive. Im Zentrum des Interesses steht dabei die Frage nach der wahren Gegenwart Jesu Christi unter Brot und Wein. Der erste Teil analysiert und interpretiert Calvins Position hinsichtlich dieser Frage vor dem theologiegeschichtlichen Hintergrund der Kontroverse um das Abendmahl innerhalb der reformatorischen Bewegung. Hierbei wird deutlich, dass Calvin eine eigenständige Position gegenüber Luther, Zwingli und Bullinger vertritt, indem er die Gegenwart Jesu Christi pneumatologisch begründet. Die geistgewirkte Gegenwart Jesu Christi ist dabei das, was ihn in dieser Deutlichkeit von den genannten Reformatoren unterscheidet. Brot und Wein versteht Calvin als Instrumente dieser Präsenz, die eine unaufgebbare Funktion im Abendmahlsgeschehen innehaben. Sie veranschaulichen die Gegenwart Christi und reichen diese durch das Wirken des Heiligen Geistes auch wirklich dar.Im zweiten, systematischen Teil der Studie setzt sich Ewerszumrode mit diesen Ergebnissen vor dem Hintergrund römisch-katholischer Eucharistietheologie auseinander. Gerade Calvins eigenständige Position ist aus ökumenischer Perspektive äußerst fruchtbar und weiterführend, da es zwischen ihm und der Transsubstantiationslehre, wie sie vor allem von Thomas von Aquin systematisch entfaltet worden ist, große inhaltliche Überschneidungen gibt. Trotz Calvins vehementer Ablehnung dieser Lehre greift er deren Anliegen auf und formuliert somit eine Weise, die eucharistische Realpräsenz zu denken, die mit der der katholischen Theologie größtenteils übereinstimmt.

Auch über die 500-Jahr-Feier des Jahres 2009 hinaus haben Calvin und die mit seinem Namen verbundenen Folgen der Reformation nichts von ihrer Faszination verloren. Aktuelle Fragestellungen und Forschungsprojekte drehen sich um Leben, Werk und Gedanken des frühneuzeitlichen Theologen. Das Werk enthält die Vorträge des zehnten Internationalen Kongresses für Calvin-Forschung (Bloemfontein 2010) und repräsentiert den neuesten Stand der Calvinforschung. Der erste Teil besteht aus allen Vorträgen führender Wissenschaftler aus Reformationsgeschichte und Theologie, u.a. Luca Baschera, Tony Lane und Wim Janse. Sie befassen sich mit dem Schwerpunktthema des Kongresses, der Versöhnung. Der thematisch vielfältige zweite Teil enthält Kurzvorträge, wie etwa über Calvins Konzept der Theologie oder das calvinsche Verständnis von Freiheit. Mimako Saito schreibt über Calvins Vermächtnis in Japan. Ebenso wie die Veröffentlichungen früher erschienener Vorträge des Calvin-Kongresses soll auch diese Ausgabe als Quelle und Leitlinie für zukünftige Studien dienen. Die Auswahl des Titels, Calvinus clarissimus theologus, führt die Tradition weiter, jeweils aus einem Briefwechsel an Calvin zu zitieren. Der Titel nimmt die Worte Johannes Sturms auf, der Calvin als »scharfsinnigen und gelehrten Theologen« lobt. Herman J. Selderhuis bringt in Anlehnung an diese Worte das ehrende Gedenken an den Calvin-Experten und langjährigen Sekretär sowie Mitglied des Präsidiums Wilhelm Heinrich Neuser zum Ausdruck, der wenige Wochen vor Beginn des Kongresses starb.

By their very nature, traditions are diverse. This is particularly the case with theological traditions, even including those cases where they have been named for a single individual (e.g. Augustinianism, Thomism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism). In the eras of the Reformation and of Reformed orthodoxy there was intense theological debate, leading to confessional identity and confessional boundaries; hence the Remonstrant controversy in the early seventeenth century. What the essays of this volume look at, however, are the debates that took place within the Reformed theological tradition, particularly within Puritan England. Some of the debates considered here threatened to rise to a confessional level whereas others were not so serious insofar as they did not press on confessional boundaries. The Puritan tradition surveyed in these essays looks at both major and minor intra-Reformed debates. Most of these debates analyzed have been passed over in the older scholarship in its quest to find the few true Calvinians to oppose to the so-called Calvinists. By contrast, none of the studies included in the present volume brands one side of a seventeenth-century debate as un-Calvinian or identifies an alteration of doctrinal perspective as a declension from Reformation-era purity. Calvin no longer appears as a norm, although he does appear, with other Reformers, as an antecedent of certain lines of argument. Lastly, the essays document the ongoing concern among Reformed theologians to further the Reformation cause. In this pursuit, Reformed theologians, as they did during the time of the Reformation theologians, often found themselves disagreeing on a number of theological doctrines.

Arnold Huijgen analyses und assesses the idea of divine accommodation in John Calvin’s theology. He proves that Calvin’s idea of accommodation was terminologically influenced by Erasmus, while its content originated in patristic theology. Though Calvin’s idea of accommodation is multifaceted, Huijgen subsumes and analyzes it in the light of the two main perspectives of pedagogy and revelation. The pedagogical aspect relates to Calvin’s understanding of salvation history, and the relation between the Old and the New Testament. In this perspective Christ as the mediator holds a central position. The aspect of revelation focuses on Calvin’s comprehension of God’s nature which for him is behind God’s revelation. Calvin’s understanding of accommodation implies a distinct dynamic to revelation, which is disrupted by its static, hierarchical ontology. Huijgen points out the weaknesses of Calvin’s idea of accommodation on the basis of modern critiques by Karl Barth, Isaak August Dorner, and Harry M. Kuitert; he also explores the viable points for present day theology.

Robert McKelvey argues that John Bunyan wrote The Holy War as a warfare allegory symbolizing the salvation history of Scripture from a Calvinistic-covenantal perspective. In this cosmic drama of redemption, the “Histories That Mansoul, and her Wars Anatomize” include the individual-soteric-microcosmic level or ordo salutis unfolding analogous to the redemptive-historical-macrocosmic level or historia salutis. The eternal covenant of redemption provides the foundation for this history of salvation, which progresses from creation to the anticipation of consummation. This scheme finds its roots in the Puritan philosophy of “universal history” which sees all historical events serving God’s redemptive purposes. The individual, through union with Christ founded on election, participates in the drama by inclusion within the trans-historical covenant of grace. As a depiction of cosmic war, The Holy War sets forth the enmity between the church and Antichrist, which is representative of the greater battle between Christ and the devil from Genesis to Revelation. As a pastoral guide to persecuted saints, Bunyan retrospectively rehearses the history of redemption to grant comfort. In addition, he prospectively reveals the consummation of redemption to encourage perseverance and instil eschatological hope. This thesis is substantiated contextually through Bunyan’s life and writings, historiographically by surveying the history of Holy War interpretation, pre-textually by examining the introduction to the allegory, and textually by analyzing the allegory itself.

Even though it has always been widely debated, the theology of Jacob Arminius (1559–1609) has not received the scholarly attention one would expect. Given also its remarkable influence, it is surprising how little research has been devoted to it. Only since the 1980s has the world of scholarship seen some movement on this front. The present study by William den Boer offers a new contribution to the understanding of Arminius’s theology by focusing on the theological motive that lay at its very foundation. Arminius has been characterized as a theologian of free will, of creation, or of freedom, and lately also as a theologian of the assurance of faith. The question as to Arminius’s central concern in his theology has been answered in different ways, with each author focusing on aspects of differing degrees of importance. William den Boer defends the thesis that another characterization needs to be added, and designates Arminius as a theologian of the justice of God, or more precisely, as a theologian of the twofold love of God. He goes on to illustrate how these two characterizations are valid at one and the same time, and why they do not exclude but include all other characterizations that have been offered by placing them in their proper perspective.In Part 1 the author posits that the leading motif of Arminius’s theology lay in a careful defense of the justice of God. Part 2 considers the reception of his theology in the discussions between Remonstrants and Counter-Remonstrants during the Hague Conference – Haagsche or Schriftelicke Conferentie – of 1611. Finally, Arminius’s theology is placed within the context of sixteenth-century debates on the cause of sin and God’s relationship to evil.

In short, the central argument of this study posits that Goodwin’s Christology is grounded in, and flows out of, the eternal covenant of redemption, also known as the pactum salutis or »counsel of peace«. That is to say, his Christology does not begin in the temporal realm at the incarnation, but stretches back into eternity when the persons of the Trinity covenanted to bring about the salvation of fallen mankind. Goodwin’s Christology moves from the pretemporal realm to the temporal realm with a decidedly eschatological thrust, that is, with a view to the glory of the God-man, Jesus Christ. What this work does is connect two vital aspects of Reformed theology, namely, the doctrine of Christ and the concept of the covenant. The findings of this study show that, for Goodwin, Christ is the Christ of the covenant.

Frederik A.V. Harms untersucht Calvins Ekklesiologie ausgehend von dessen Kommentar zu den Kleinen Propheten von 1557–1559. Harms stellt Calvins Sicht auf die Kirche aus historisch-systematischer Sicht dar. Seine Studie über die Ekklesiologie des großen Reformers wird begleitet von zwei historischen Teilen. Zum einen bietet Harms Calvins historischen Kontext aus den Jahren 1558 bis 1559, als dieser Vorlesungen zu den Kleinen Propheten hielt. Andererseits bietet Harms einen Überblick über die Auslegungsgeschichte der Kleinen Propheten von der Zeit der Frühen Kirche bis zur ersten Generation reformierter Orthodoxie.

Calvin hatte großes Interesse daran, was die Bibel über den Menschen lehrt, wer er ist, was er tut, was seine Rolle und Verantwortung in der Welt ist. Vom Gottesverständnis, so Johannes Calvin, lasse sich auf ein adäquates Verständnis des Menschen schließen, denn dieser sei in Gottes Ebenbild geschaffen. Geht man Calvins Verständnis von Gott näher auf den Grund, darf eine Berücksichtigung des historischen Kontextes, in dessen Rahmen sein imago Dei entstanden ist, nicht fehlen. Jason Van Vliet bettet seine Überlegungen in die stark humanistisch geprägte Denkweise der Renaissance, seine Interaktion mit Philipp Melanchthon und seine Auseinandersetzung mit Andreas Osiander ein und kommt schließlich zu einer genauen Profilierung des imago Dei des Johannes Calvin.

Die Zeit von 1583 bis 1622 ist für Heidelberg eine Periode des Streites, besonders zwischen Reformierten und Lutheranern. Neben der Abendmahlslehre steht die Prädestinationslehre im Zentrum der Auseinandersetzungen. Die reformierten Heidelberger Theologen sahen diese Lehre nicht als spekulatives Modethema an, sondern als die Grundlage für Trost und Gewissheit, so wie es sich auch in den Dordrechter Canones findet. Nam Kyu Lee behandelt vier, ausgewählte Heidelberger Theologen; Georg Sohn (1551–1589), Herman Rennecherus (geb. 1550), Jakob Kimedoncius (1554–1596), Daniel Tossanus (1541–1602). Die Lehre Georg Sohns hat dogmengeschichtlich eine besondere Bedeutung. Untersucht sind seine seelsorgerliche Motivation, seine Lehre und deren Struktur, sowie die Spuren Melanchthons, die sich in seinen Ansichten wieder finden. Herman Rennecherus betont durch seine Goldene Kette des Heils die seelsorgerliche Bedeutung der Prädestinationslehre. Hierbei ist auch darauf hinzuweisen, dass seine goldene Kette dem Werk Golden Chain von William Perkins vergleichbar ist und anhand dessen der Unterschied in der Entwicklung der Heilsordnung zwischen Großbritannien und dem europäischen Festland deutlich wird.Jacob Kimedoncius geriet mit Samuel Huber, der schon einige Bücher gegen die Heidelberger Theologen geschrieben hatte, in heftigen Streit darüber, für wen Christus gestorben sei. Daniel Tossanus behandelt nicht nur die Behauptungen der Scholastiker und der Lutheraner, sondern auch die Verschiedenheit zwischen Melanchthon und Genf und ferner zwischen verschiedenen Heidelberger Theologen. Er vergleicht den so genannten Supralapsarismus mit dem Infralapsarismus und stellt sich selbst dabei als Supralapsarianer heraus.

To the present day Johannes Calvin (1509–1564) has been a great inspiration to social, cultural, political and economic life. The same may be said of so-called Calvinism, which resulted from his teachings and later developed a broad spectrum of influence. Calvin´s influence may be seen in many different forms; how one approaches them, however, is often a controversial matter.“Calvin´s Legacy” undertakes a search to determine the effects Calvin had in the intellectual and cultural history of Western Europe and North America. Intellectual currents, church groups and theological trends are studied as to how they took up and integrated Calvin´s thoughts, how these thoughts were developed further and how new accents were incorporated. Discussed are, among other things, the resistance discourse of the Monarchomachs of the 16th century, the federal theology of the Reformed Orthodox Church, the connections between Calvinism and Puritanism and Pietism, Calvin´s influence in the New World, Neocalvinism and Calvin´s legacy in Catholicism. Also touched on is the relationship of Schleiermacher and Karl Barth to Calvin´s teachings. But the volume also addresses many other controversial themes such as Calvinism and capitalism in the so-called “Weber theory,” Calvinism and democracy, and Calvinism and the ecological movement of the 20th century. Also the development of the Reformed Church and the emergence of the so-called presbyterial-synodal order are analysed.

Lange vor der Reformation begriffen christliche Theologen Adams natürliche Beziehung zur Menschheit als Grundlage für die menschliche Teilhabe an seiner Schuld und Korrumpierbarkeit. 1532 aber begann der Dominikaner Ambrogio Catarino die Gültigkeit dieses traditionellen Dogmas anzufechten. Er war der Meinung, dass sich die menschliche Solidarität mit Adam direkt von einem Akt göttlichen Willens und göttlicher Bestimmung ableite. Laut Catarino verkörperte der Bund, den Gott mit Adam im Garten Eden geschlossen hatte, die Bestimmung Adams zum Schuldesel. Er sollte alle moralischen Abgründe der Menschen auf sich laden. In römisch-katholischen Kreisen fand Catarinos Lehre kaum Beachtung. Ab dem späten 16. Jahrhundert jedoch formulierten reformierte Theologen Thesen von der menschlichen Solidarität mit Adam, die Catarinos Modell sehr ähnlich waren und unter dem Label »Werksbund« firmierten. Aaron C. Denlinger stellt zunächst Catarinos eigene Lehrmeinung zur Bundessolidarität dar, erkundet die mittelalterlichen Quellen und verfolgt den Einfluss seiner Doktrin auf die reformierte Theologie. Er liefert Einblicke in die Lehrmeinung eines bedeutenden katholischen Theologen und beleuchtet den komplizierten und wohl überraschenden Hintergrund der reformierten Lehre von Adams Rolle als Bundespartner.

Lee bedient sich der historischen Exegese, um zu erklären, wie sich die reformierte Bundestheologie entwickelt hat. Diese exegetische Methode zeigt die Schwächen aktueller dogmatischer Erklärungen zum Ursprung der Bundestheologie auf und liefert dabei neue Einsichten zur Lehre vom Bund.Der reformatorische Wende hin zu den Quellen warf neue Fragen zu der Bedeutung der biblischen Begriffe vom Bund, berith und diatheke, auf und führte zu der Entwicklung einer eher technischen lateinischen Terminologie, die zwischen foedus, testamentum und pactum unterschied. In diesem Kontext erlangte auch die Beziehung zwischen den Testamenten wieder mehr Bedeutung. Hebräer 7–10 versammelte diese verschiedenen Lehrmeinungen um sich, die im Laufe der Zeit zu einem dezidierten theologischen Bundestopos wurden. Der Hebräerkommentar von Johannes Cocceius von 1659 spiegelt beide Interpretationsanliegen wider. Er bedient sich typisch föderaler Terminologie, die erst im Laufe des 16. Jahrhunderts Eingang in den Sprachgebrauch der Theologen gefunden hatte. Cocceius betont sowohl eine testamentarische Kontinuität als auch den soteriologischen Bruch (er spricht von zwei Formen der Rechtfertigung, eine vor und eine nach Christus). Über die Untersuchung der älteren Hebräerkommentars von Cocceius sticht die hohe Bedeutung der testamentarischen Beziehungen in Cocceius’ Denken hervor. Dadurch stellt sich heraus, dass seine Bundestheologie stärker als bislang angenommen in den Entwicklungen des 16. Jahrhunderts wurzelt. Ferner treten die zentralen Kontinuitäten in der reformierten Bundestheologie stärker hervor.

Wilhelm Neuser studiert in diesem Band die Persönlichkeit und das Werk von Johannes Calvin in seinen jungen Jahren. An erster Stelle skizziert er den ideologischen Kontext des Reformators. Danach stellt er auf integrierende Weise die verschiedenen Zusammenhänge des Lebens von Calvin dar: seine Jugendzeit und Studium an der Artistenfakultät in Paris (1509–1528), sein Jurastudium und seine humanistische Studien (1528–1532), die reformatorische Bewegung in Paris, die Ereignisse von Paris und Calvins Reisen im Jahr 1534, seine Anfänge als Wegbereiter und Verteidiger der Reformation im Jahr 1535, seine Mitarbeit an der Olvétanbibel, seine Verteidigungsschrift an König Franz I, die Institutio , der erster Genfer Aufenthalt und sein Aufenthalt in Straßburg (1538–1541).Neuser analysiert besonders eingehend Calvins Predigten, Predigtentwürfe und sein gesamtes literarisches Werk. Er fokussiert auch die Personen und die Ideen, die sich einflussreich auf Calvin auswirkten und gibt auch die Quellen für eine Vita Calvini (bis 1538) detailliert an.

Dieser Band könnte zu einem Wegweiser für die künftige Richtung der Calvinforschung, sicher aber mitbestimmend für die Reformationsforschung im Allgemeinen werden. Seine Beiträge reflektieren die neuesten Forschungen zu Biographie und Theologie Johannes Calvins (1509–1564). Die Calvinforschung hat in den vergangenen Jahren durch neue Archivfunde, die wiederbelebte Erforschung der Briefe und Kommentare Calvins sowie deren Neueditionen und neue theologische Fragestellungen viele fruchtbare Impulse erhalten. Der vorliegende Band wirft neues Licht auf die Calvin- und Reformationsforschung.

Der reformierte Theologe Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499–1562) war ein Moderator. Er suchte den Mittelweg zwischen theologischen Extremen. Dafür typisch waren seine Überlegungen zu den äußeren Zeichen der göttlichen Gnade. Solche Zeichen – die menschliche Natur Christi, die vernehmbaren Worte der Schrift und die sichtbaren Worte der Sakramente – sollten laut Vermigli weder zu stark »verfleischlicht« noch zu stark spiritualisiert werden. Obwohl Gott auch direkt, ohne dazwischen geschaltete Zeichen, handeln könnte, hat er verfügt, Heil durch diese Zeichen zu erwirken. Deshalb lassen sich die innere spirituelle Kraft und das äußere Zeichen nicht voneinander trennen. Vermigli, ein gebildeter humanistischer Forscher, vertrat wohl bedachte, distinguierte Positionen. Ein tieferer Blick in seine Theologie, wie ihn Zuidema wagt, lohnt sich, um die inneren theologischen Vernetzungen seiner Zeit besser kennen zu lernen.

Franciscus Junius d.Ä. (1545-1602) war einer der führenden Vertreter der dritten Generation reformierter Theologen. Bei Johannes Calvin und Theodor Beza in Genf ausgebildet, wurde er Theologieprofessor in Heidelberg und später in Leiden. Nicht nur der Unterricht in Genf, sondern auch die juristischen und humanistischen Studien in Bourges und Lyon haben Junius geprägt, sodass er ein unverkennbar reformiertes, aber in vielerlei Hinsicht von Calvin und Beza abweichendes theologisches Profil entwickelt hat. In Fragen nach politischer und kirchlicher Ordnung hat Junius sich stark für die Geltung von menschlichen Grundrechten unabhängig eines religiösen Bekenntnisses eingesetzt und einen religiösen Pluralismus staatlichen Zwangsmaßnahmen vorgezogen. Mehrfach sind Friedensinitiativen zur Versöhnung der Konfessionen sowie zur Befriedung von politischen Gemeinwesen von ihm ausgegangen. Ansätze eines Vernunftrechts sowie hermeneutische Überlegungen über die Rolle der Bibel für Rechtsprechung und Politik haben bekannte Gelehrte wie Hugo Grotius und Johannes Althusius inspiriert und damit auch eine außertheologische Rezeption von Junius’ Schriften bewirkt.Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass ein entschiedenes Eintreten für den reformierten Glauben nicht unbedingt verbunden war mit Polemik gegenüber anderen Konfessionen. Eine bislang fehlende, im wesentlichen chronologisch gegliederte Übersicht über Junius’ theologisches Gesamtwerk eröffnet die Möglichkeit, Junius als einen bedeutenden reformierten Theologen des ausgehenden 16. Jahrhunderts wahrzunehmen. Durch die Einordnung von Junius’ Gedanken in seine Zeit, ist die Arbeit ein wichtiger Beitrag zur Forschung über die Pluralität calvinistisch-reformierter Theologie am Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts.

Calvin betrachtet Rechtfertigung und Heiligung als Güter des dreieinigen Gottes, die dem Menschen durch das Heilswerk Christi über den Heiligen Geist zuteil werden, so die These dieser Studie. Die Lehre von der doppelten Gnade steht dabei in dem größeren Zusammenhang der Rede von Gott als dem Schöpfer und Erlöser. Diesen beleuchtet Cornelis P. Venema und verortet die Lehre von Rechtfertigung und Heiligung in Calvins Theologie. Darüber hinaus werden strittige Fragen der Calvinforschung erörtert, z.B. Calvins Verständnis von Gesetz und Evangelium und die Rolle guter Werke.

J. Mark Beach untersucht die Bundestheologie Francis Turretins und entdeckt dabei einen Strang in der reformatorischen Theologie des 16. Jahrhunderts, der sich grundlegend von seiner Ausprägung im 17. Jahrhundert unterscheidet. Die jeweilige Interpretation lässt bedeutende Rückschlüsse auf die Bundestheologie zu.

Personal renewal or sanctification belongs to the heart of the Christian life and is becoming more important in our present-day culture. Listening to Scripture and in conversation with a variety of theologians from the protestant tradition, the author presents an up-to-date concept for a theology of personal renewal.In this concept the spiritual union with Christ (unio mystica cum Christo) is taken as the starting point in order to consider the way in which renewal obtains form in relation to God, our neighbour, ourselves and the world. To place this concept into a historical perspective, van Vlastuin begins his study with an investigation of Luther and Calvin’s theology concerning the relationship between the union with Christ and personal renewal. The concept is developed within the current theological debate, with particular reference to the eschatological character of the Christian life.An important issue concerns the measure of renewal, especially in relation to the sinful heart of the believer. In this context the author also deals with the question of sanctification as a position or a process, and the relation between the two.In addition the relationship between the Holy Spirit and the human soul in the process of renewal is discussed. Another important issue concerns the abiding significance of the law and the way in which it functions in the Christian life. The exploration of several theological positions leads to a modern concept by which to understand law.The study concludes with an investigation of the relationship between the eschatological Christian life in this present life and the complete revelation of the eschaton.

Herman Speelman deals with a central question in the intellectual history of the sixteenth century: to what extent can Calvin be regarded as responsible for the tendency in Calvinism or, broader, in Reformed Protestantism, to form a church which has its own ecclesiastical organization and office bearers? So far, claiming a great deal of independence for the church has been considered an important aspect of Calvin’s legacy. In this line of reasoning, it is assumed that Calvin was a strong opponent of the church as a state organization that did not have its own governing body and power of excommunication.To better understand this issue, we first examine the position of the church within the city-state of Bern. Secondly, we direct our attention to the manner in which Calvin gave form to ecclesiastical life in Geneva. Next we deal with the church in France, and finally, we examine the influence of Calvin and French Calvinism on the organization of the Reformed church in The Netherlands in the 1570s.