Abstract
This study focuses on candelabra (candlesticks), thymiateria (incense burners) and kottaboi (stands used during the drinking game called kottabos) at banquets and compares their roles in Greece and Etruria. These utensils continue to be misidentified, even by archaeologists. Knowledge of their structure is essential because this enables us to define their different functions and uses in these different cultures. For example, the Greeks did not use candlestick-holders, and objects that have been improperly identified as candelabra (i.e., as supports for illumination with candles) should more properly be classified as lamp/utensil stands. The Etruscans, on the other hand, preferred to use torchlight for illumination, and as a result, the candelabrum—an upright stand specifically designed to support candles made of resinous fibers that were saturated with flammable substances—was developed in order to avoid burns to the hands, prevent fires or problems with smoke, and collect ash or melting substances. But they also used utensil stands similar in shape and form to the Greek lamp holders, which were placed near the kylikeion at banquets. In addition, both the Greeks and the Etruscans used thymiateria during banquets and symposia in order to offer incense to the gods. Kottaboi were also important utensils used in the context of banquets and symposia: in Greece, however, they were interchangeable with lamp/utensil stands, and infrequently depicted in visual representations. In Etruria, kottaboi are rarely found in painted banquet scenes but numerous intact and fragmentary metal examples dating from the end of the sixth century BCE to the Hellenistic period have been found buried in tombs where they functioned as part of symposium sets. All in all, this analysis demonstrates that there are both formal and functional differences between Greek and Etruscan candelabra, thymiateria and kottaboi which can be traced to social and cultural differences. In addition, it shows once again, conclusively, that the Etruscans had a culture with many distinct characteristics, ones that can no longer be associated with those of the Greeks.
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Acknowledgements
This article is a revised version of the paper I presented at a colloquium in honor of Horst Blanck, organized by Deutsches Archäologisches Institut of Rome, which was held at the Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia on November 14, 2011. I would like to thank the Director of the Institute, Professor Henner von Hesberg and the family of Horst Blanck for the invitation to participate in the colloquium. The topic discussed in this article was assigned to me by Professor von Hesberg. Horst Blanck was a person whom I remember with affection as well as for scientific reasons: for his humanity, availability and friendship, qualities that are more and more rare these days.
© 2013 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
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- Amber and the Ancient World by Faya Causey. Pp. 152, figs. 60. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles 2011. $25.00. ISBN 9781606060827.
Articles in the same Issue
- Masthead
- Candelabra, Thymiateria and Kottaboi at Banquets: Greece and Etruria in Comparison
- Underworld Demons on an Early Fifth Century BCE Etruscan Black-Figure Stamnos from Vulci, now in Berlin
- Faunal remains from the Etruscan sanctuary at Poggio Colla (Vicchio di Mugello)
- Altars at Pyrgi
- Narce’s New Virtual Museum
- Textile-Making in Central Tyrrhenian Italy from the Final Bronze Age to the Republican Period by Sanna Lipkin. Pp. 163, figs. 49. $87.00 Archaeopress, Oxford 2012 (BAR International Series 2369). ISBN 9781407309569.
- Etruscans: Eminent Women. Powerful Men edited by Patricia S. Lulof and Iefke van Kampen and translated by M. Hendricks. Pp. 184, figs. 150+. $35.00. W Books in collaboration with the Allard Pierson Museum and the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Amsterdam 2011. ISBN 978-9040078071.
- Amber and the Ancient World by Faya Causey. Pp. 152, figs. 60. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles 2011. $25.00. ISBN 9781606060827.