A systematic review of time-intensive methods for capturing non-linear L2 development

References

Barkaoui, Khaled. 2014. Quantitative approaches for analyzing longitudinal data in second language research. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 34. 65–101. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190514000105.Search in Google Scholar

Bergman, Lars R. & David Magnusson. 1997. A person-oriented approach in research on developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology 9(2). 291–319. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457949700206X.Search in Google Scholar

Bulté, Bram & Alex Housen. 2020. A critical appraisal of the CDST approach to investigating linguistic complexity in L2 writing development. In Gary Fogal & Marjolijn Verspoor (eds.), Complex dynamic systems theory and L2 writing development, 207–238. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/lllt.54.09bulSearch in Google Scholar

Chan, Huiping, Marjolijn Verspoor & Louisa Vahtrick. 2015. Dynamic development in speaking versus writing in identical twins. Language Learning 65(2). 298–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12107.Search in Google Scholar

Collins, Linda M. 2006. Analysis of longitudinal data: The integration of theoretical model, temporal design, and statistical model. Annual Review of Psychology 57. 505–528. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190146.Search in Google Scholar

Curran, Patrick J. & Kenneth A. Bollen. 2001. The best of both worlds: Combining autoregressive and latent curve models. In Linda M. Collins & Aline G. Sayer (eds.), New methods for the analysis of change, 105–136. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.10.1037/10409-004Search in Google Scholar

de Bot, Kees. 2015a. A history of applied linguistics: From 1980 to the present. New York, NY: Routledge.10.4324/9781315743769Search in Google Scholar

de Bot, Kees. 2015b. Rates of change: Timescales in second language development. In Zoltán Dörnyei, Peter D. MacIntyre & Alastair Henry (eds.), Motivational dynamics in language learning, 29–37. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.10.2307/jj.26931945.8Search in Google Scholar

de Bot, Kees, Wander Lowie & Marjolijn Verspoor. 2007. A dynamic systems theory approach to second language acquisition. Bilingualism-Language and Cognition 10(1). 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728906002732.Search in Google Scholar

Ellis, Rod & Fangyuan Yuan. 2004. The effects of planning on fluency, complexity, and accuracy in second language narrative writing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 26(1). 59–84. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263104261034.Search in Google Scholar

Evans, D. Reid. 2020. On the fractal nature of complex syntax and the timescale problem. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 10(4). 697–721. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2020.10.4.3.Search in Google Scholar

Henry, Alastair, Cecillia Thorsen & Peter D. MacIntyre. 2021. Willingness to communicate in a multilingual context: Part one, a time-serial study of developmental dynamics. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 45(4). 937–956. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2021.1931248.Search in Google Scholar

Hertzog, Christopher & John R. Nesselroade. 2003. Assessing psychological change in adulthood: An overview of methodological issues. Psychology and Aging 18(4). 639–657. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.18.4.639.Search in Google Scholar

Hilpert, Jonathan C. & Gwen C. Marchand. 2018. Complex systems research in educational psychology: Aligning theory and method. Educational Psychologist 53(3). 185–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2018.1469411.Search in Google Scholar

Hiver, Phil & Ali Al-Hoorie. 2020. Research methods for complexity theory in applied linguistics. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781788925754Search in Google Scholar

Hiver, Phil, Ali H. Al-Hoorie & Reid Evans. 2022. Complex dynamic systems theory in language learning: A scoping review of 25 years of research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 44(4). 913–941. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263121000553.Search in Google Scholar

In’nami, Yo & Rie Koizumi. 2010. Database selection guidelines for meta-analysis in applied linguistics. Tesol Quarterly 44(1). 169–184. https://doi.org/10.5054/tq.2010.215253.Search in Google Scholar

Jung, Tony & K. A. S. Wickrama. 2008. An introduction to latent class growth analysis and growth mixture modeling. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2(1). 302–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00054.x.Search in Google Scholar

Kliesch, Maria. & Simone E. Pfenninger. 2021. Cognitive and socioaffective predictors of L2 microdevelopment in late adulthood: A longitudinal intervention study. The Modern Language Journal 105(1). 237–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12696.Search in Google Scholar

Lanza, Stephanie T., J. Dziak John, Liying Huang, Aaron Wagner & Linda M. Collins. 2015. Proc LCA and proc LTA users’ guide (version 1.3.2). University Park, PA: The Methodology Center, Penn State Available at: methodology.psu.edu.Search in Google Scholar

Larsen-Freeman, Diane. 2006. The emergence of complexity, fluency, and accuracy in the oral and written production of five Chinese learners of English. Applied Linguistics 27(4). 590–619. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/aml029.Search in Google Scholar

Larsen-Freeman, Diane. 2015. Saying what we mean: Making a case for ‘language acquisition’ to become ‘language development’. Language Teaching 48(4). 491–505. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444814000019.Search in Google Scholar

Larsen-Freeman, Diane & Lynne Cameron. 2008. Complex systems and applied linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Li, Cha & Lawrence Jun Zhang. 2023. The development of accuracy and fluency in second language (L2) speaking related to self-efficacy through online scaffolding: A latent growth curve modeling analysis. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 52. 1371–1395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-023-09950-7.Search in Google Scholar

Li, Huixian & Yongyan Zheng. 2024. Complex dynamic systems theory in second language learning and teaching: A textometric review from 2008 to 2022. Language Teaching Research Quarterly 39. 68–95. https://doi.org/10.32038/ltrq.2024.39.07.Search in Google Scholar

Lowie, Wander. 2017. Lost in state space? Methodological considerations in complex dynamic theory approaches to second language development research. In Lourdes Ortega & ZhaoHong Han (eds.), Complexity theory and language development: In celebration of diane larsen-freeman, 123–141. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.10.1075/lllt.48.07lowSearch in Google Scholar

Lowie, Wander & Marjolijn Verspoor. 2019. Individual difference and the ergodicity problem. Language Learning 69(s1). 184–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12324.Search in Google Scholar

Ortega, Lourdes & Heidi Byrnes. 2008. The longitudinal study of advanced L2 capacities. New York, NY: Routledge.10.4324/9780203871652Search in Google Scholar

Ortega, Lourdes & Gina Iberri-shea. 2005. Longitudinal research in second language acquisition: Recent trends and future directions. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 25. 26–45. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190505000024.Search in Google Scholar

Oswald, Frederick L. & Luke Plonsky. 2010. Meta-analysis in second language research: Choices and challenges. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 30. 85–110. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190510000115.Search in Google Scholar

Page, Matthew J., Joanne E. McKenzie, Patrick M.M. Bossuyt, Isabelle Boutron, Tammy C. Hoffmann, Cynthia D. Mulrow, Larissa Shamseer, Jennifer Marie Tetzlaff, Elie A. Akl, Sue E. Brennan, Roger Chou, Julie May Glanville, Jeremy M. Grimshaw, Asbjørn Hrõbjartsson, Manoj Mathew Lalu, Tianjing Li, Elizabeth W. Loder, Evan Mayo-Wilson, Steve McDonald, Luke A. McGuinness, Lesley A. Stewart, James Thomas, Andrea C. Tricco, Vivian A. Welch, Penny F. Whiting & David Moher. 2021. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. The British Medical Journal 372. n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71.Search in Google Scholar

Peng, Hongying, Sake Jager, Steven L. Thorne & Wander Lowie. 2020. A holistic person-centred approach to mobile-assisted language learning. In Wander Lowie, Marije Michel, Merel Keijzer & Rasmus Steinkrauss (eds.), Usage-based Dynamics in second language development, 88–106. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters.10.2307/jj.22730678.9Search in Google Scholar

Pfenninger, Simone E. & Hannah Neuser. 2019. Inferential statistics in quantitative data analysis. In Jim McKinley & Heath Rose (eds.), The Routledge handbook of research methods in applied linguistics, 415–426. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780367824471-35Search in Google Scholar

Piniel, Katalin & Kata Csizér. 2015. Changes in motivation, anxiety, and self-efficacy during the course of an academic writing seminar. In Zoltán Dörnyei, Peter D. MacIntyre & Alastair Henry (eds.), Motivational dynamics in language learning, 164–194. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.10.2307/jj.26931945.17Search in Google Scholar

Plonsky, Luke. & Dan Brown. 2015. Domain definition and search techniques in meta-analyses of L2 research (or why 18 meta-analyses of feedback have different results). Second Language Research 31(2). 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658314536436.Search in Google Scholar

Singer, Judith D. & John B. Willett. 2003. Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152968.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Spoelman, Marianne & Marjolijn Verspoor. 2010. Dynamic patterns in development of accuracy and complexity: A longitudinal case study in the acquisition of Finnish. Applied Linguistics 31(4). 532–553. https://doi.org/0.1093/applin/amq001.10.1093/applin/amq001Search in Google Scholar

Taylor, Wayne A. 2000. Change-point analysis: A powerful new tool for detecting changes. http://www.variation.com/cpa/tech/changepoint.html (accessed 12 April 2025).Search in Google Scholar

The Douglas Fir Group. 2016. A transdisciplinary framework for SLA in a multilingual world. The Modern Language Journal 100(S1). 19–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12301.Search in Google Scholar

Thelen, Esther & Linda B. Smith. 1994. A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/2524.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

van Geert, Paul. & Marijn van Dijk. 2002. Focus on variability: New tools to study intra- individual variability in developmental data. Infant Behavior and Development 25(4). 340–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(02)00140-6.Search in Google Scholar

Vercellotti, Mary Lou. 2017. The development of complexity, accuracy, and fluency in second language performance: A longitudinal study. Applied Linguistics 38(1). 90–111. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amv002.Search in Google Scholar

Verspoor, Marjolijn & Kees de Bot. 2021. Measures of variability in transitional phases in second language development. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 60(1). 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2021-0026.Search in Google Scholar

Verspoor, Marjolijn & Marijn van Dijk. 2011. Visualizing interaction between variables. In Marjolijn Verspoor, Kees de Bot & Wander Lowie (eds.), A dynamic approach to second language development, 85–98. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.10.1075/lllt.29.05verSearch in Google Scholar

Verspoor, Marjolijn, Wander Lowie & Marijn van Dijk. 2008. Variability in second language development from a dynamic systems perspective. The Modern Language Journal 92(2). 214–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2008.00715.x.Search in Google Scholar

Verspoor, Marjolijn, Kees de Bot & Wander Lowie. 2011. A dynamic approach to second language development: Methods and techniques. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.10.1075/lllt.29Search in Google Scholar

Verspoor, Marjolijn, Wander Lowie & Kees de, Bot. 2021. Variability as normal as apple pie. Linguistics Vanguard 7(s2). 20200034. https://doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2020-0034.Search in Google Scholar

Winter, Bodo & Martijn Wieling. 2016. How to analyze linguistic change using mixed models, growth curve analysis and generalized additive modeling. Journal of Language Evolution 1(1). 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/jole/lzv003.Search in Google Scholar

Yu, Hanjing & Wander Lowie. 2020. Dynamic paths of complexity and accuracy in second language speech: A longitudinal case study of Chinese learners. Applied linguistics 41(6). 855–877. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amz040.Search in Google Scholar

Yu, Hanjing, Hongying Peng & Wander Lowie. 2022. Dynamics of language learning motivation and emotions: A parallel-process growth mixture modeling approach. Frontiers in Psychology 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.899400 (accessed 15 April 2025).Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Shuang, Huiping Zhang & Cun Zhang. 2022. A dynamic systems study on complexity, accuracy, and fluency in English writing development by Chinese university students. Frontiers in Psychology 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.787710 (accessed 15 April 2025).Search in Google Scholar

Zhou, Shiyao A., Yanyun Yang & Phil Hiver. 2023a. Individual growth curve modeling for applied linguistics research. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmal.2023.100043 (accessed 23 May 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Zheng, Yongyan, Lourdes Ortega, Simona Pekarek Doehler, Miyuki Sasaki, Søren Wind Eskildsen & Xuesong (Andy) Gao. 2025. Praxeology, humanism, equity, and mixed methods: Four pillars for advancing second language acquisition and teaching. The Modern Language Journal 109. 64–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12977.Search in Google Scholar

Zhou, Shiyao Ashlee, Phil Hiver & Ali H. Al-Hoorie. 2023b. Dynamic engagement: A longitudinal dual-process, reciprocal-effects model of teacher motivational practice and L2 student engagement. Language Teaching Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688231158789.Search in Google Scholar