Startseite Global assessment of the fate of nitrogen deposition in forest ecosystems: Insights from 15N tracer studies
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Global assessment of the fate of nitrogen deposition in forest ecosystems: Insights from 15N tracer studies

  • Xinlu Bai EMAIL logo , Yaping Li und Jinhu Zhi EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 18. September 2025
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Open Life Sciences
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Life Sciences Band 20 Heft 1

Abstract

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is recognized as a pivotal nutrient input in forest ecosystems. However, significant gaps persist in our comprehension of the global-scale fate of N in forest ecosystems. In a pioneering effort, this study analyzed the fluxes and determinants of deposited N by 234 observations from 52 published articles. Our findings indicated that plant uptake, soil retention, and N losses, respectively, accounted for 27.4, 57.9, and 14.6% of the total deposited N. The fate of deposited N was significantly influenced by a suite of factors, including forest type, climatic parameters such as mean annual temperature (MAT) and precipitation (MAP), edaphic characteristics such as soil pH and the carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), and experimental factors like nitrogen addition rate (NR), nitrogen forms (NF), plot size (PS) for 15N studies, and the duration of study. For the uptake of deposited N, MAP emerged as the predominant positive factors, whereas NR was the dominant negative factors; for deposited N soil retention, NR was the key positive factors, while MAT was the key negative factors; for N losses, MAP was the predominant positive factors, with the C/N ratio serving as a significant negative factor. Thus, for a given forest ecosystem with relatively stable climate and soil conditions, NR, NF, and the soil C/N were the main controlling factors regulating the fate of deposited N. These insights significantly advance our grasp of the N cycle in forest ecosystems. Consecutive monitoring of the impact of deposited N on soil N transformations and carbon sequestration is needed in future studies.

Keywords: nitrogen deposition; nitrogen uptake; nitrogen retention; nitrogen losses; controlling factor

1 Introduction

Human activities, such as fossil fuel consumption, animal husbandry expansion, and agricultural intensification, have strongly accelerated both reactive nitrogen (N) emissions and their deposition in the terrestrial environment globally [1,2]. By the end of the twentieth century, the rate of nitrogen deposition had at least doubled [3], with a substantial amount destined for terrestrial ecosystems. Increased N deposition can alter N cycles, affect ecosystem functions [4,5], and increase N losses via leaching and denitrification, especially in forest ecosystems, because of its limited N availability [6,7,8]. Critically, the effects of N deposition on forest ecosystems depends on the fate of deposited N, including uptake by plants [9,10], retention in the soil [11], and losses [12]. Distinguishing the fate of the deposited N is crucial to understand the effects of N deposition on forest ecosystems better. Many studies have been conducted to assess the deposited N flux by 15N addition experiments at the field scale [13,14]. Xie et al. [15] and Leeson et al. [16] found that N deposition significantly increased ammonia (NH3) volatilization, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, and nitrate leaching in forest ecosystems. The accumulation of N in the soil and plant bodies increases with the N deposition [17,18,19]. In addition, determining the fate of deposited N is also essential for an in-depth study of carbon sequestration in forest systems, as the relationship between carbon and nitrogen is very close [20,21,22]. Therefore, it is essential to determine the fate of deposited N in forest systems on a global scale. However, identifying the distribution of deposited N on a global scale remains challenging, due to the challenges of complexity, laboriousness, and the expensive cost of the 15N addition experiments method [23,24].

The fate of deposited N can be influenced by various factors, including forest type (FT), climate (e.g., mean annual air temperature and precipitation), forms of N input (e.g., NH 4 + vs NO 3 − ), and soil properties [25]. Wang et al. [26] revealed that tropical forests accumulate more 15N in mineral soil and plants than temperate forests because of their greater biomass and faster N transfer from organic soil to mineral soil. Veerman et al. [12] reported that soil carbon stock, organic layer thickness, and mean annual temperature (MAT) are the controlling factors for 15N retention in the organic soil layer. In contrast, soil carbon stock, pH, moisture content, and soil bulk density are the controlling factors for 15N retention in the mineral soil layer. Liu et al. [27] and Wang et al. [26] identified the different fates of deposited NH 4 + and NO 3 − in temperate and Asian tropical primary forests, respectively. Previous studies have evaluated the controlling factors for deposited N at specific experimental sites. However, these sites are often constrained by factors such as geographical location, climate conditions, and soil types, which significantly limit their representativeness. Therefore, it is difficult to comprehensively understand the fates of deposited N in forest ecosystems, without clarifying the relative roles of influencing factors on a global scale. Meta-analysis quantitatively integrates data from numerous independent studies, synthesizing dispersed findings into robust conclusions with enhanced statistical power and generalizability. This approach provides reliable, efficient evidence for large-scale scientific decisions, enabling a global assessment of deposited N fate and examination of interactions among FTs, climate, soil properties, and experimental conditions [28].

In an effort to bridge the existing gaps in knowledge, this study is designed to quantify the dynamics and fate of N deposits in forest ecosystems. The objectives of the present study are (1) to determine the fate of deposited N in forest ecosystems on a global scale by meta-analysis based on 15N tracer studies and (2) to determine the controlling factors influencing deposited N fate in forest ecosystems.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Data collection and dataset overview

The dataset was generated by collecting 234 observations from 52 papers containing data from 15N tracer studies across various forest ecosystems. We used the following terms: “the fate of deposited N”; “fates of atmospheric deposited N”; “different fates of deposited N”; “retention of deposited N”; “pathways and dynamics of deposited N” and “recovery of deposited N” to search for publications in Google Scholar and the Web of Science Database up to 31 March, 2024. We used the following criteria for collecting data: (1) conducted the study via field experiments rather than soil column and pot experiments and (2) measured N fluxes using the 15N tracer method. Data were obtained from tables and figures. If the data were presented only in figures, they were digitized using Get-Data v.2.22 (http://gatdata-graph-digitizer.com). The site-specific details were assembled to analyze the patterns and controlling factors of the fate of the deposited N. The experimental location, FT, MAT, mean annual precipitation (MAP), N addition rate (NR), N forms (NF), soil pH, soil carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), 15N plot size (PS), and study duration time (SDT) were assembled. We matched these environmental factors with 15N uptake, 15N retention, and 15N losses (Table 1). The experimental locations are shown in Figure 1.

Table 1

Characteristics of the climatic variables (MAT, MAP), soil properties (pH, C/N), and study variables (PS, SDT, and NR) from the peer-reviewed articles

Terms MAT (°C) MAP (mm) pH C/N PS (m2) SDT (year) NR (kg N ha−1)
Range −5.4 to 25.6 365–5,500 3.0–8.0 11.6–64.0 0.03–3,000 0.04–23 0.03–640
Mean value 8.4 1,405 4.6 24.3 136 2.8 49.1
SD 5.1 1,003 1.3 10.6 125 3.2 32.9
n 87 92 73 67 121 102 202

MAT, mean annual temperature; MAP, mean annual precipitation; C/N, the ratio of soil carbon to nitrogen; PS, 15N plot size; SDT, study duration time; NR, nitrogen rate; NF, nitrogen forms. “SD” and “n” represent the standard deviation and number of all observations.

Figure 1 Global distribution of study sites included in this work.
Figure 1

Global distribution of study sites included in this work.

2.2 Data analyses

Prior to analysis, all data were checked for normality using the Shapiro–Wilk test. The 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were generated using bootstrapping (4,999 iterations). We calculated the relative importance of the explanatory variables, defined as the magnitude of the increase in the mean squared errors of the multiple linear regression models when one of the selected explanatory variables was randomly permuted, to determine the controlling factors influencing the deposited N fates [29]. Multiple linear regression models were also used [30]: Y = β 0 + β 1 × X 1 + β 2 × X 2 + β 3 × X 3 + β 4 × X 4 + β 5 × X 5 + β 6 × X 6 + β 7 × X 7 + β 8 × X 8 + ε, where β 0, β, and ε are the intercept, slope value, and sampling error, respectively; and X 1, X 2, X 3, X 4, X 5, X 6, X 7, and X 8 refer to MAT, MAP, NR, NF, soil pH, soil carbon to nitrogen ratio, 15N PS, and duration time of the study, respectively. The relative importance of the explanatory variables was obtained using relative weights via the “Car” and “Mass” packages R software [31]. Specifically, this method quantifies the independent contribution of each explanatory variable to the response variable by decomposing the model’s coefficient of determination (R 2). This approach circumvents the bias induced by multicollinearity among predictor variables, which is a common issue in traditional regression analysis. Relative weight analysis provides a more precise reflection of each variable’s importance ranking within the overall model, particularly in scenarios involving highly correlated predictors. The multiple linear regression models and associated predictor variables are presented in Table 2.

Table 2

Models of multiple linear regression on the fate of deposited nitrogen and associated predictor variables

Fate Predictor variables Estimate Standard error p value Significance level R 2 Adjusted R 2
Uptake MAT −0.57 0.27 p < 0.01 ** 0.603 0.581
MAP 0.01 0.01 0.03 *
PS 0.01 0.01 0.13
SDT 1.01 0.31 0.21
pH −0.24 0.04 0.16
C/N 0.15 0.05 0.04 *
NR −0.31 0.11 0.02 *
NF 0.11 0.03 0.12
Intercept 15.74 7.84 0.04 *
Retention MAT −0.97 0.33 p < 0.01 ** 0.565 0.463
MAP 0.01 0.01 0.14
PS 0.01 0.01 0.15
SDT −0.16 0.06 0.23
pH 2.39 0.84 0.03 *
C/N 0.05 0.01 0.03 *
NR 0.03 0.01 0.02 *
NF −0.09 0.02 p < 0.01 **
Intercept 66.45 8.78 p < 0.01 **
Losses MAT 2.01 0.61 p < 0.01 ** 0.732 0.654
MAP 0.03 0.01 0.12
PS 0.03 0.01 0.11
SDT 0.28 0.23 0.12
pH 0.63 0.47 0.82
C/N 0.30 0.12 0.02 *
NR 0.03 0.01 0.02 *
NF 0.30 0.21 0.55
Intercept −7.51 2.32 0.02 *

MAT, mean annual temperature; MAP, mean annual precipitation; C/N, the ratio of soil carbon to nitrogen; PS, 15N plot size; SDT, study duration time; NR, nitrogen rate; NF, nitrogen forms.

3 Results

3.1 Nitrogen uptake

Total N uptake accounted for 27.4% of the deposited N, and the roots, stems, branches, foliage, and understory accounted for 6.0, 3.1, 3.6, 6.3, and 8.5% of the total N uptake, respectively (Figure 2). FT strongly influenced N assimilation, with tropical/subtropical evergreen forests (TSFs) exhibiting the highest uptake capacity, followed by temperate broad-leaved (TBF) and coniferous forests (TCF). Moreover, it had higher N uptake with warm temperatures, low precipitation, and low soil pH and C/N. Warmer temperatures and intermediate-to-high precipitation enhanced N uptake. The amounts of N uptake decreased as follows: 31.6% (MAT > 10°C), 26.3% (6°C ≤ MAT ≤ 10°C), 24.0% (MAT < 6°C); 23.9% (MAP ≤ 1,000 mm), 29.7% (1,000 mm < MAP < 1,500 mm), 32.4% (MAP ≥ 1,500 mm); 34.3% (pH ≤ 4), 28.7% (4 < pH ≤ 6), 24.9% (pH > 6); and 34.2% (C/N ≤ 20), 26.7% (20 < C/N ≤ 30), and 22.1% (C/N > 30).

Figure 2 Fate of the deposited N in forest ecosystems. The numbers in the parentheses are the numbers of observations.
Figure 2

Fate of the deposited N in forest ecosystems. The numbers in the parentheses are the numbers of observations.

In addition to FT, climate, and soil properties, the characteristics of deposited N and experimental duration also contributed to the differences in N uptake. Compared with the low NR (NR ≤ 50 kg N ha−1), the high NR (NR > 50 kg N ha−1) significantly decreased the total N uptakes by 26.4–38.0%. The total N uptake was 20.4, 30.1, and 26.9% when applied as 15 NH 4 + −N, 15NH4 15NO3, and 15 NO 3 − -N, respectively. In addition, the total N uptake was 30.9, 30.6, and 24.7% when the PS was <5 m2, 5–100 m2, and > 100 m2, respectively. The total N uptake was 18.9, 28.4, and 28.9% when the experiment was continued for <1, 1–5, and >5 years, respectively (Figure 3a).

Figure 3 Effect of FT, MAT, MAP, NR, NF, soil pH, soil carbon to nitrogen ratio, 15N PS, and SDT on nitrogen uptake (a), nitrogen retention (b), and nitrogen losses (c), respectively. FT, forest type; TCF, temperate coniferous forest; TBF, temperate broad-leaved forest; TSF, tropic and subtropical evergreen forest; MAT, mean annual temperature; MAP, mean annual precipitation; NR, deposited nitrogen rate; NF, deposited nitrogen forms; C/N, the ratio of soil carbon to nitrogen; PS, 15N plot size; and SDT, study duration time. The numbers in the parentheses are the number of observations. The values are mean values with 95% CIs. *Correlation is significant at p < 0.05.
Figure 3

Effect of FT, MAT, MAP, NR, NF, soil pH, soil carbon to nitrogen ratio, 15N PS, and SDT on nitrogen uptake (a), nitrogen retention (b), and nitrogen losses (c), respectively. FT, forest type; TCF, temperate coniferous forest; TBF, temperate broad-leaved forest; TSF, tropic and subtropical evergreen forest; MAT, mean annual temperature; MAP, mean annual precipitation; NR, deposited nitrogen rate; NF, deposited nitrogen forms; C/N, the ratio of soil carbon to nitrogen; PS, 15N plot size; and SDT, study duration time. The numbers in the parentheses are the number of observations. The values are mean values with 95% CIs. *Correlation is significant at p < 0.05.

3.2 Nitrogen retention

N retention in the soil was dominated and accounted for 57.9% of the deposited N, including 26.5% in the organic layer and 31.4% in the mineral layer. Microbial N, inorganic N, and organic N accounted for 8.8, 9.1, and 40.0% of residual N, respectively (Figure 2). The N retention in TCPs and TBFs was 56.6 and 62.3%, respectively, which was significantly higher than that in TSFs (48.3%). The climate also contributed to differences in N retention. The N retention was 58.8–60.1% with MAT ≤ 10°C and 61.3% with MAP ≤ 1,000 mm, which were significantly higher than those of 47.9% MAT > 10°C and 47.1–54.3% with MAP > 1,000 mm, respectively (Figure 3b).

Large amounts of deposited N led to more residual N in the soil. The N retention was 61.4% with NR > 50 kg N ha−1, which was significantly higher than that of 41.8–50.1% with NR < 50 kg N ha−1. For deposited N forms, NO 3 − -N deposition introduced the lowest N retention of 48.7%, relative to 58.7% for 15 NH 4 + -N deposition and 60.8% for 15NH4 15NO3 deposition, respectively. In addition, significantly higher N accumulation was observed in soils with a pH > 4 and C/N > 30. The N retention was 63.2 and 56.3% when the experiment continued for <1 and 1–5 years, respectively, which was significantly higher than 50.3% when the experiment continued for >5 years (Figure 3b).

3.3 Nitrogen losses

The N loss accounted for 14.6% of the deposited N, including 10.8% for nitrate leaching and 3.8% for nitrous oxide emission, respectively (Figure 2). The total N losses were 12.8 and 13.8% in TCPs and TBFs, respectively, and significantly increased by 29.7–39.8% in TSFs, respectively. Total N losses were also dependent on climate and soil conditions. The highest N losses occurred with MAT > 10°C and MAP > 1,500 mm. Moreover, our meta-analysis showed that soil pH and C/N ratio positively affected total N loss. The total N losses were significantly higher with soil pH > 6 (16.3%), and with soil C/N ≥ 20 (17.4 and 14.4%), respectively.

In addition, the characteristics of deposited N also contributed to the differences in N losses. Total N losses were 9.3, 13.2, 12.3, and 15.7% with deposited N < 10 kg N ha−1, 10–30 kg N ha−1, 30–50 kg N ha−1, and > 50 kg N ha−1, respectively. Total N losses were much more pronounced for 15 NO 3 − -N deposition (22.1%), followed by 15NH4 15NO3 deposition (14.1%) and 15 NH 4 + -N deposition (13.4%). Furthermore, the 15N PS and study duration significantly affected N loss. The total N losses were significantly higher with 15N PS of 5–100 m2 (17.7%), and with a study duration of more than 1 year (16.8–17.2%) (Figure 3c).

3.4 Explanatory factors for the fate of deposited N

Deposited N uptake significantly increased with MAT and MAP, whereas significantly decreased with NR and soil C/N (Figure S1). MAT (38.9% of R 2) and MAP (14.1% of R 2) were the dominant positive factors and the deposited N rate (NR, 15.1% of R 2) and C/N (14.9% of R 2) were the dominant negative factors for deposited N uptake in forest ecosystems. Deposited N retention significantly increased with NR, soil pH, and C/N, whereas significantly decreased with MAT (Figure S2). NR (16.2% of R 2), pH (12.6% of R 2), and C/N (11.6% of R 2) were the dominant positive factors, whereas MAT (32.1% of R 2) and the deposited N form (NF, 20.3% of R 2) were the dominant negative factors for deposited N retention in forest ecosystems. In addition, deposited N losses significantly increased with MAP and NR, whereas significantly decreased with C/N (Figure S3). MAP (51.6% of R 2) and NR (12.3% of R 2) were the dominant positive factors, and C/N (17.4% of R 2) was the dominant negative factor for deposited N losses in forest ecosystems (Figure 4).

Figure 4 Relative importance of explanatory factors for nitrogen uptake (a), nitrogen retention (b), and nitrogen losses (c) in forest ecosystems. Green columns indicate a positive effect, and red columns indicate a negative effect. ** and *** represent significance at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively. The predictor variables of multiple linear models are described in Table 1. MAT, mean annual temperature; MAP, mean annual precipitation; NR, nitrogen rate; NF, nitrogen form; C/N, the ratio of soil carbon to nitrogen; PS, 15N plot size; SDT, study duration time.
Figure 4

Relative importance of explanatory factors for nitrogen uptake (a), nitrogen retention (b), and nitrogen losses (c) in forest ecosystems. Green columns indicate a positive effect, and red columns indicate a negative effect. ** and *** represent significance at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively. The predictor variables of multiple linear models are described in Table 1. MAT, mean annual temperature; MAP, mean annual precipitation; NR, nitrogen rate; NF, nitrogen form; C/N, the ratio of soil carbon to nitrogen; PS, 15N plot size; SDT, study duration time.

4 Discussion

4.1 Differential fates of deposited N in forest ecosystems

The total deposited N recoveries for plant and soil pools were 80–88% in forest ecosystems (Figure 3), which is consistent with previous studies. Gurmesa et al. [32] reported that 66–68% of the deposited N was retained in plant and soil pools. Templer et al. [33] reported that more than 70% of the deposited N was retained in plant and soil pools. N retention in the soil dominated and shared 60–69% of the total N recovery. Similarly, a new study by Sun et al. [34] showed that 84% of deposited N was retained in the heavily polluted forests of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Considering that forest soil has a high C/N ratio and large amounts of easily available carbon [35], it is a strong sink for N mobilization. In addition, the results revealed that a greater recovery of deposited N was observed in TBF and TCP than in TSF because of higher N retention in soil. These results, indicate that lower N losses were responsible for greater N retention in the soil of TBF and TCP.

Nitrate leaching shared 70–81%, and dominated N losses in forest ecosystems (Figure 3). Similarly, Fang et al. [36] and Liu et al. [37] reported similar nitrate leaching rates in forest ecosystems. Nitrate leaching is also significantly influenced by precipitation [38,39]. Therefore, significantly higher nitrate leaching and total N loss occurred in TSFs. In addition, losses via N2O emissions accounted for only a small proportion of the total deposited N, which is consistent with previous studies. Eickenscheidt et al. [40] reported N2O emission of 0.3–2.6 kg N ha−1 year−1 in beech and spruce forests. In addition, ammonia volatilization and denitrification losses represent major mechanisms for nitrogen loss from deposited N. However, current research on ammonia volatilization and denitrification losses associated with deposited N remains relatively scarce, with incomplete data and unclear mechanisms, making it challenging to effectively incorporate these processes into the analysis. Therefore, we suggest that subsequent research should focus on the dynamic mechanisms, influencing factors, and quantitative analysis of ammonia volatilization and denitrification processes in deposited N. This will enhance our understanding of deposited N loss pathways and provide a scientific basis for relevant environmental management and emission reduction strategies.

4.2 Controls on fates of deposited N in forest ecosystems

The results of our analyses demonstrated that various factors influence the fate of deposited N in forest ecosystems. MAT and MAP were the dominant positive factors (53.1% of R 2) for deposited N uptake. MAT and MAP significantly affect forest plant growth, and suitable temperatures and precipitation increase forest plant biomass and, therefore, deposited N uptake. The results revealed that NR and C/N were the dominant negative factors (30.0% of R 2) for deposited N uptake. Because forest ecosystems are commonly considered N-deficient, more deposited N could be expected to be absorbed with increased deposited N [22,40]. However, lower rates of deposited N were absorbed with a high deposited N load, which was supported by our results showing that deposited N uptake rates significantly decreased with deposited N > 50 kg N ha−1 (Figure 3). Similarly, Templer et al. [33] reported that N uptake rates decrease with deposited N, with an apparent threshold rate of 46 kg N ha−1 year−1. When the deposited N rate in forest ecosystems exceeds 50 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ (which is far beyond the global critical load threshold of 5–25 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), the N retention capacity collapses [41]. The core mechanism underlying this phenomenon lies in the imbalance of multi-level biogeochemical processes. The deposited N is predominantly in the form of NH 4 + . High concentrations of NH 4 + / NO 3 − exert feedback inhibition on key enzymes involved in N assimilation, leading to the accumulation of free amino acids. Meanwhile, excessive deposited N input induces nutrient deficiencies (e.g., deficiencies in phosphorus and magnesium when the N:P ratio exceeds 20) and inhibits mycorrhizal symbiosis, thereby weakening the root absorption capacity [42]. Deposited N input reduces the C:N ratio of litter (to <20:1), accelerating the depletion of organic carbon, triggering carbon limitation, and reducing N fixation efficiency. High NH 4 + concentrations promote nitrification, increasing NO 3 − production and leaching losses. Along with NO 3 − leaching, base cations are also lost in large quantities. This process exacerbates soil acidification and aluminum toxicity, disrupting the nitrogen cycle [43]. In addition, C/N is an important indicator of soil C and N availability, and soils with high C/N ratios are likely to contribute to relatively high C availability for microbes, which could promote microbial N immobilization and reduce N uptake by forest plants [44]. NR, pH, and C/N ratio were the dominant positive factors (40.4% of R 2) for deposited N retention. Deposited N provides a substantial substrate for N accumulation in the soil; therefore, N retention significantly increases with deposited N rate. Soil pH is another primary determinant of deposited N retention. The richness and diversity of microorganism are significantly higher in alkaline and neutral soils than in acidic soils [45,46,47]. Thus, increasing the soil pH increased microbial activity and N immobilization, significantly. As mentioned above, a high soil C/N ratio is favorable for deposited N immobilization and accumulation in the soil. MAT and NF were the dominant negative factors (52.4% of R 2) for deposited N retention. Precipitation is a key factor affecting the solute transport process of N. Large amounts of precipitation are responsible for more N leaching and runoff losses, while less N remains residual in the soil [48,49]. Moreover, soil aeration conditions depend on precipitation, and increasing precipitation leads to increased N2O emissions and reduced N retention in the soil [50,51]. The recovery of N in the soil was negatively correlated with N electron valence, suggesting that deposited ammonium is retained in the soil more proportionally than nitrate. The greater recovery of ammonium in the soil can be attributed to the preferential assimilation and retention of ammonium by microbes and abiotic immobilization, such as soil adsorption [52,53]. NH 4 + directly enters the plant cytoplasm via ammonium transporters on the plasma membrane through passive diffusion or proton gradient-driven symport. This process does not rely on ATP hydrolysis for energy. During microbial immobilization, NH 4 + is directly incorporated into the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase cycle, demonstrating significantly higher metabolic efficiency in carbon skeleton utilization compared to the dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium pathway. Consequently, ammonium nitrogen exhibits higher assimilation priority in both plant and microbial systems. Additionally, the acidic soil environments predominant in forest ecosystems effectively suppress ammonia volatilization losses of ammonium nitrogen, further enhancing its ecological retention efficiency. MAP and NR were the dominant positive factors (63.9% of R 2) for deposited N loss. In general, deposited N provides a substantial substrate for N loss; therefore, N losses significantly increase with deposited N. Similarly, previous studies have highlighted the exponential relationship between N inputs and nitrate leaching, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, and ammonia volatilization [54]. In addition, the increased N losses with MAP could be attributed to suitable conditions for N losses under heavy precipitation. The C/N ratio was the dominant negative factor (17.4% of R 2) for deposited N loss. Specifically, a sufficient carbon supply activates microbial synthesis of N containing enzymes, enabling the rapid conversion of inorganic N into microbial biomass N and stable organic N polymers [55]. Microbes secrete extracellular enzymes (e.g., chitinases and proteases) in the rhizosphere, which accelerate the mineralization of organic nitrogen. However, the microbial community promptly re-assimilates the mineralized nitrogen products through a process termed the “microbial loop.” This leads to a sharp decline in inorganic nitrogen concentrations in the rhizosphere, with reductions reaching up to 50–80% [56].

4.3 Implications and suggestions

The intergovernmental panel on climate change concluded that climate change was no longer a subject of debate. Climate change manifests itself in many ways, including increased temperatures, changes in precipitation, and precipitation trends. The results of our analyses demonstrated that climate change could significantly affect the fate of deposited N in forest ecosystems. The positive correlation between MAT and deposited N uptake (Figure 4a) was consistent with the result of Templer et al. [33] and Elrys et al. [57]. The pattern of greater deposited N uptake with higher MAT suggested that higher temperatures may have led to higher rates of N uptake by plants [58]. However, greater deposited N uptake could not offset the possible increases in the rates of soil N-cycling processes, such as mineralization and nitrification, and losses via gas emissions or leaching [10]. Therefore, the total ecosystem recovery (N uptake and N retention in the soil) significantly decreased (Figure 3). These results agreed with the watershed mass balances, showing that N exports increase with increasing temperatures [59,60].

Precipitation also controls the fate of deposited N in forest ecosystems. The N retention in the soil was negatively correlated with MAP, whereas the N loss was positively correlated with MAP (Figure 3). These results suggested that N export increased with increasing precipitation. N export from soils may increase soil CO2 efflux into the atmosphere, thereby affecting the global carbon cycle and contributing to global warming [61,62]. Therefore, consecutive monitoring of soil N retention, carbon sequestration, and CO2 emissions is required for future studies.

Global N deposition is likely to increase in the future, increasing N loss (Figure 4). Recently, Tang et al. [63] revealed that increased N deposition stimulated tropical montane forest soil N2 and N2O emissions. Moreover, the increased N deposition causes soil acidification [64], thereby influencing the soil N cycling processes.

The form of deposited N has changed, particularly in China, where the growth rate of deposited nitrate was the highest [65]. Although the total ecosystem N retention was similar for ammonium and nitrate, plants took up more nitrate, and the soil retained more ammonium (Figure 3). This suggested that increased deposited Nitrate could lead to N export from soils, and thereby influencing soil N and C cycles. Furthermore, nitrate is vulnerable to leaching losses, and nitrate leaching deteriorates as more nitrogen is deposited in the form of nitrate. Therefore, the consecutive monitoring of nitrate leaching is required in future studies to better understand the relationships between deposited N and water pollution.

5 Conclusion

Our study provides a comprehensive evaluation of deposited N in forest ecosystems. Our findings revealed that plant uptake, soil retention, and N loss were 27.4, 57.9, and 14.6%, respectively. Deposited N uptake was positively affected by MAT and MAP, but negatively affected by the deposited N rate and C/N. Soil retained deposited N was positively affected by deposited N rate, soil pH, and C/N, but negatively affected by MAT and deposited N form. Deposited N losses were positively affected by MAP and deposited N rate, but negatively affected by C/N. We also found that changes in climate and deposited N could significantly influence soil N export and thereby, soil carbon sequestration. Thus, consecutive monitoring of soil N retention and carbon sequestration dynamics is critically needed, not merely to document biogeochemical fluxes, but to quantify the trade-offs between nitrogen export and ecosystem services.

Acknowledgments

We thank LetPub (www.letpub.com.cn) for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (2023NSFSC1253), the Tarim University President’s Fund “The effect of replacing chemical fertilizers with organic liquid fertilizers on the fate of chemical fertilizers in cotton fields in southern Xinjiang” (TDZKBS202407), and the Tarim University President’s Fund “Innovative research team for efficient utilization of water and fertilizer” (TDZKCX202301).

  2. Author contributions: Xinlu Bai and Yaping Li designed the research. Xinlu Bai and Yaping Li analyzed the data. Xinlu Bai wrote the manuscript. Xinlu Bai and Jinhu Zhi acquired fund support. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2025-01-12
Revised: 2025-07-18
Accepted: 2025-07-30
Published Online: 2025-09-18

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  133. Sepsis complicated by haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis triggered by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and human herpesvirus 8 in an immunocompromised elderly patient: A case report
  134. Sarcopenia in liver transplantation: A comprehensive bibliometric study of current research trends and future directions
  135. Advances in cancer immunotherapy and future directions in personalized medicine
  136. Can coronavirus disease 2019 affect male fertility or cause spontaneous abortion? A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis
  137. Heat stroke associated with novel leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor gene variant in a Chinese infant
  138. PSME2 exacerbates ulcerative colitis by disrupting intestinal barrier function and promoting autophagy-dependent inflammation
  139. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state with severe hypernatremia coexisting with central diabetes insipidus: A case report and literature review
  140. Efficacy and mechanism of escin in improving the tissue microenvironment of blood vessel walls via anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant effects: Implications for clinical practice
  141. 10.1515/biol-2025-1168
  142. Ecology and Environmental Science
  143. Optimization and comparative study of Bacillus consortia for cellulolytic potential and cellulase enzyme activity
  144. The complete mitochondrial genome analysis of Haemaphysalis hystricis Supino, 1897 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and its phylogenetic implications
  145. Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors analysis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among tuberculosis population in Huzhou City, Eastern China
  146. Indices of human impacts on landscapes: How do they reflect the proportions of natural habitats?
  147. Genetic analysis of the Siberian flying squirrel population in the northern Changbai Mountains, Northeast China: Insights into population status and conservation
  148. Diversity and environmental drivers of Suillus communities in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forests of Inner Mongolia
  149. Global assessment of the fate of nitrogen deposition in forest ecosystems: Insights from 15N tracer studies
  150. Fungal and bacterial pathogenic co-infections mainly lead to the assembly of microbial community in tobacco stems
  151. Influencing of coal industry related airborne particulate matter on ocular surface tear film injury and inflammatory factor expression in Sprague-Dawley rats
  152. Temperature-dependent development, predation, and life table of Sphaerophoria macrogaster (Thomson) (Diptera: Syrphidae) feeding on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
  153. Eleonora’s falcon trophic interactions with insects within its breeding range: A systematic review
  154. Agriculture
  155. Integrated analysis of transcriptome, sRNAome, and degradome involved in the drought-response of maize Zhengdan958
  156. Variation in flower frost tolerance among seven apple cultivars and transcriptome response patterns in two contrastingly frost-tolerant selected cultivars
  157. Heritability of durable resistance to stripe rust in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  158. Molecular mechanism of follicular development in laying hens based on the regulation of water metabolism
  159. Animal Science
  160. Effect of sex ratio on the life history traits of an important invasive species, Spodoptera frugiperda
  161. Plant Sciences
  162. Hairpin in a haystack: In silico identification and characterization of plant-conserved microRNA in Rafflesiaceae
  163. Widely targeted metabolomics of different tissues in Rubus corchorifolius
  164. The complete chloroplast genome of Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass., 1820 (Carduoideae, Asteraceae) and its phylogenetic analysis
  165. Field trial to correlate mineral solubilization activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and biochemical content of groundnut plants
  166. Correlation analysis between semen routine parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation index in patients with semen non-liquefaction: A retrospective study
  167. Plasticity of the anatomical traits of Rhododendron L. (Ericaceae) leaves and its implications in adaptation to the plateau environment
  168. Effects of Piriformospora indica and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on growth and physiology of Moringa oleifera under low-temperature stress
  169. Effects of different sources of potassium fertiliser on yield, fruit quality and nutrient absorption in “Harward” kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)
  170. Comparative efficiency and residue levels of spraying programs against powdery mildew in grape varieties
  171. The DREB7 transcription factor enhances salt tolerance in soybean plants under salt stress
  172. Using plant electrical signals of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for water pollution monitoring
  173. Food Science
  174. Phytochemical analysis of Stachys iva: Discovering the optimal extract conditions and its bioactive compounds
  175. Review on role of honey in disease prevention and treatment through modulation of biological activities
  176. Computational analysis of polymorphic residues in maltose and maltotriose transporters of a wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain
  177. Optimization of phenolic compound extraction from Tunisian squash by-products: A sustainable approach for antioxidant and antibacterial applications
  178. Liupao tea aqueous extract alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in rats by modulating the gut microbiota
  179. Toxicological qualities and detoxification trends of fruit by-products for valorization: A review
  180. Polyphenolic spectrum of cornelian cherry fruits and their health-promoting effect
  181. Optimizing the encapsulation of the refined extract of squash peels for functional food applications: A sustainable approach to reduce food waste
  182. Advancements in curcuminoid formulations: An update on bioavailability enhancement strategies curcuminoid bioavailability and formulations
  183. Impact of saline sprouting on antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds in chia seeds
  184. The dilemma of food genetics and improvement
  185. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  186. Impact of hyaluronic acid-modified hafnium metalorganic frameworks containing rhynchophylline on Alzheimer’s disease
  187. Emerging patterns in nanoparticle-based therapeutic approaches for rheumatoid arthritis: A comprehensive bibliometric and visual analysis spanning two decades
  188. Application of CRISPR/Cas gene editing for infectious disease control in poultry
  189. Preparation of hafnium nitride-coated titanium implants by magnetron sputtering technology and evaluation of their antibacterial properties and biocompatibility
  190. Preparation and characterization of lemongrass oil nanoemulsion: Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anticancer activities
  191. Corrigendum
  192. Corrigendum to “Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells”
  193. Corrigendum to “Effects of Ire1 gene on virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2025-1171
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
nitrogen deposition; nitrogen uptake; nitrogen retention; nitrogen losses; controlling factor
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Mechanism of triptolide regulating proliferation and apoptosis of hepatoma cells by inhibiting JAK/STAT pathway
  3. Maslinic acid improves mitochondrial function and inhibits oxidative stress and autophagy in human gastric smooth muscle cells
  4. Comparative analysis of inflammatory biomarkers for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis: IL-6, IL-8, SAA, CRP, and PCT
  5. Post-pandemic insights on COVID-19 and premature ovarian insufficiency
  6. Proteome differences of dental stem cells between permanent and deciduous teeth by data-independent acquisition proteomics
  7. Optimizing a modified cetyltrimethylammonium bromide protocol for fungal DNA extraction: Insights from multilocus gene amplification
  8. Preliminary analysis of the role of small hepatitis B surface proteins mutations in the pathogenesis of occult hepatitis B infection via the endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced UPR-ERAD pathway
  9. Efficacy of alginate-coated gold nanoparticles against antibiotics-resistant Staphylococcus and Streptococcus pathogens of acne origins
  10. Battling COVID-19 leveraging nanobiotechnology: Gold and silver nanoparticle–B-escin conjugates as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
  11. Neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammation-induced apoptosis
  12. Impact of fracture fixation surgery on cognitive function and the gut microbiota in mice with a history of stroke
  13. COLEC10: A potential tumor suppressor and prognostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma through modulation of EMT and PI3K-AKT pathways
  14. High-temperature requirement serine protease A2 inhibitor UCF-101 ameliorates damaged neurons in traumatic brain-injured rats by the AMPK/NF-κB pathway
  15. SIK1 inhibits IL-1β-stimulated cartilage apoptosis and inflammation in vitro through the CRTC2/CREB1 signaling
  16. Rutin–chitooligosaccharide complex: Comprehensive evaluation of its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in vitro and in vivo
  17. Knockdown of Aurora kinase B alleviates high glucose-triggered trophoblast cells damage and inflammation during gestational diabetes
  18. Calcium-sensing receptors promoted Homer1 expression and osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
  19. ABI3BP can inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of non-small-cell lung cancer cells
  20. Changes in blood glucose and metabolism in hyperuricemia mice
  21. Rapid detection of the GJB2 c.235delC mutation based on CRISPR-Cas13a combined with lateral flow dipstick
  22. IL-11 promotes Ang II-induced autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial dysfunction in atrial fibroblasts
  23. Short-chain fatty acid attenuates intestinal inflammation by regulation of gut microbial composition in antibiotic-associated diarrhea
  24. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of pathogens in patients with diabetes complicated by community-acquired pneumonia
  25. NAT10 promotes radiotherapy resistance in non-small cell lung cancer by regulating KPNB1-mediated PD-L1 nuclear translocation
  26. Phytol-mixed micelles alleviate dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis in zebrafish: Activation of the MMP3–OPN–MAPK pathway-mediating bone remodeling
  27. Association between TGF-β1 and β-catenin expression in the vaginal wall of patients with pelvic organ prolapse
  28. Primary pleomorphic liposarcoma involving bilateral ovaries: Case report and literature review
  29. Effects of de novo donor-specific Class I and II antibodies on graft outcomes after liver transplantation: A pilot cohort study
  30. Sleep architecture in Alzheimer’s disease continuum: The deep sleep question
  31. Ephedra fragilis plant extract: A groundbreaking corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic environments – electrochemical, EDX, DFT, and Monte Carlo studies
  32. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in an adult patient with upper jaw and pulmonary involvement: A case report
  33. Inhibition of mast cell activation by Jaranol-targeted Pirin ameliorates allergic responses in mouse allergic rhinitis
  34. Aeromonas veronii-induced septic arthritis of the hip in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  35. Clusterin activates the heat shock response via the PI3K/Akt pathway to protect cardiomyocytes from high-temperature-induced apoptosis
  36. Research progress on fecal microbiota transplantation in tumor prevention and treatment
  37. Low-pressure exposure influences the development of HAPE
  38. Stigmasterol alleviates endplate chondrocyte degeneration through inducing mitophagy by enhancing PINK1 mRNA acetylation via the ESR1/NAT10 axis
  39. AKAP12, mediated by transcription factor 21, inhibits cell proliferation, metastasis, and glycolysis in lung squamous cell carcinoma
  40. Association between PAX9 or MSX1 gene polymorphism and tooth agenesis risk: A meta-analysis
  41. A case of bloodstream infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  42. Case of nasopharyngeal tuberculosis complicated with cervical lymph node and pulmonary tuberculosis
  43. p-Cymene inhibits pro-fibrotic and inflammatory mediators to prevent hepatic dysfunction
  44. GFPT2 promotes paclitaxel resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer cells via activating NF-κB signaling pathway
  45. Transfer RNA-derived fragment tRF-36 modulates varicose vein progression via human vascular smooth muscle cell Notch signaling
  46. RTA-408 attenuates the hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in mice possibly by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway
  47. Decreased serum TIMP4 levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
  48. Sirt1 protects lupus nephritis by inhibiting the NLRP3 signaling pathway in human glomerular mesangial cells
  49. Sodium butyrate aids brain injury repair in neonatal rats
  50. Interaction of MTHFR polymorphism with PAX1 methylation in cervical cancer
  51. Convallatoxin inhibits proliferation and angiogenesis of glioma cells via regulating JAK/STAT3 pathway
  52. The effect of the PKR inhibitor, 2-aminopurine, on the replication of influenza A virus, and segment 8 mRNA splicing
  53. Effects of Ire1 gene on virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans
  54. Small cell lung cancer with small intestinal metastasis: Case report and literature review
  55. GRB14: A prognostic biomarker driving tumor progression in gastric cancer through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by interacting with COBLL1
  56. 15-Lipoxygenase-2 deficiency induces foam cell formation that can be restored by salidroside through the inhibition of arachidonic acid effects
  57. FTO alleviated the diabetic nephropathy progression by regulating the N6-methyladenosine levels of DACT1
  58. Clinical relevance of inflammatory markers in the evaluation of severity of ulcerative colitis: A retrospective study
  59. Zinc valproic acid complex promotes osteoblast differentiation and exhibits anti-osteoporotic potential
  60. Primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma in the bronchial cavity: A case report
  61. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing of alveolar lavage fluid improves the detection of pulmonary infection
  62. Uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex cord tumor with extensive rhabdoid differentiation: A case report
  63. Genomic analysis of a novel ST11(PR34365) Clostridioides difficile strain isolated from the human fecal of a CDI patient in Guizhou, China
  64. Effects of tiered cardiac rehabilitation on CRP, TNF-α, and physical endurance in older adults with coronary heart disease
  65. Changes in T-lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with colorectal cancer before and after acupoint catgut embedding acupuncture observation
  66. Modulating the tumor microenvironment: The role of traditional Chinese medicine in improving lung cancer treatment
  67. Alterations of metabolites related to microbiota–gut–brain axis in plasma of colon cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and lung cancer patients
  68. Research on individualized drug sensitivity detection technology based on bio-3D printing technology for precision treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors
  69. CEBPB promotes ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer by stimulating tumor growth and activating the NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway
  70. Oncolytic bacteria: A revolutionary approach to cancer therapy
  71. A de novo meningioma with rapid growth: A possible malignancy imposter?
  72. Diagnosis of secondary tuberculosis infection in an asymptomatic elderly with cancer using next-generation sequencing: Case report
  73. Hesperidin and its zinc(ii) complex enhance osteoblast differentiation and bone formation: In vitro and in vivo evaluations
  74. Research progress on the regulation of autophagy in cardiovascular diseases by chemokines
  75. Anti-arthritic, immunomodulatory, and inflammatory regulation by the benzimidazole derivative BMZ-AD: Insights from an FCA-induced rat model
  76. Immunoassay for pyruvate kinase M1/2 as an Alzheimer’s biomarker in CSF
  77. The role of HDAC11 in age-related hearing loss: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications
  78. Evaluation and application analysis of animal models of PIPNP based on data mining
  79. Therapeutic approaches for liver fibrosis/cirrhosis by targeting pyroptosis
  80. Fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ruellia tuberosa leaf extract induces apoptosis through P53 and STAT3 signalling pathways in prostate cancer cells
  81. Haplo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and immunoradiotherapy for severe aplastic anemia complicated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A case report
  82. Modulation of the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway by Erianin: A novel approach to reduce psoriasiform inflammation and inflammatory signaling
  83. The expression of epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and its relationship with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and clinical pathological features in breast cancer patients
  84. Innovations in MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry: Bridging modern diagnostics and historical insights
  85. BAP1 complexes with YY1 and RBBP7 and its downstream targets in ccRCC cells
  86. Hypereosinophilic syndrome with elevated IgG4 and T-cell clonality: A report of two cases
  87. Electroacupuncture alleviates sciatic nerve injury in sciatica rats by regulating BDNF and NGF levels, myelin sheath degradation, and autophagy
  88. Polydatin prevents cholesterol gallstone formation by regulating cholesterol metabolism via PPAR-γ signaling
  89. RNF144A and RNF144B: Important molecules for health
  90. Analysis of the detection rate and related factors of thyroid nodules in the healthy population
  91. Artesunate inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration and invasion through OGA-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of ZEB1
  92. Endovascular management of post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage caused by a hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm: Case report and review of the literature
  93. Efficacy and safety of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies in patients with relapsed refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A meta-analysis
  94. SATB2 promotes humeral fracture healing in rats by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway
  95. Overexpression of the ferroptosis-related gene, NFS1, corresponds to gastric cancer growth and tumor immune infiltration
  96. Understanding risk factors and prognosis in diabetic foot ulcers
  97. Atractylenolide I alleviates the experimental allergic response in mice by suppressing TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 signalling
  98. FBXO31 inhibits the stemness characteristics of CD147 (+) melanoma stem cells
  99. Immune molecule diagnostics in colorectal cancer: CCL2 and CXCL11
  100. Inhibiting CXCR6 promotes senescence of activated hepatic stellate cells with limited proinflammatory SASP to attenuate hepatic fibrosis
  101. Cadmium toxicity, health risk and its remediation using low-cost biochar adsorbents
  102. Pulmonary cryptococcosis with headache as the first presentation: A case report
  103. Solitary pulmonary metastasis with cystic airspaces in colon cancer: A rare case report
  104. RUNX1 promotes denervation-induced muscle atrophy by activating the JUNB/NF-κB pathway and driving M1 macrophage polarization
  105. Morphometric analysis and immunobiological investigation of Indigofera oblongifolia on the infected lung with Plasmodium chabaudi
  106. The NuA4/TIP60 histone-modifying complex and Hr78 modulate the Lobe2 mutant eye phenotype
  107. Experimental study on salmon demineralized bone matrix loaded with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2: In vitro and in vivo study
  108. A case of IgA nephropathy treated with a combination of telitacicept and half-dose glucocorticoids
  109. Analgesic and toxicological evaluation of cannabidiol-rich Moroccan Cannabis sativa L. (Khardala variety) extract: Evidence from an in vivo and in silico study
  110. Wound healing and signaling pathways
  111. Combination of immunotherapy and whole-brain radiotherapy on prognosis of patients with multiple brain metastases: A retrospective cohort study
  112. To explore the relationship between endometrial hyperemia and polycystic ovary syndrome
  113. Research progress on the impact of curcumin on immune responses in breast cancer
  114. Biogenic Cu/Ni nanotherapeutics from Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl seeds for the treatment of lung cancer
  115. Dapagliflozin attenuates atrial fibrosis via the HMGB1/RAGE pathway in atrial fibrillation rats
  116. Glycitein alleviates inflammation and apoptosis in keratinocytes via ROS-associated PI3K–Akt signalling pathway
  117. ADH5 inhibits proliferation but promotes EMT in non-small cell lung cancer cell through activating Smad2/Smad3
  118. Apoptotic efficacies of AgNPs formulated by Syzygium aromaticum leaf extract on 32D-FLT3-ITD human leukemia cell line with PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
  119. Novel cuproptosis-related genes C1QBP and PFKP identified as prognostic and therapeutic targets in lung adenocarcinoma
  120. Bee venom promotes exosome secretion and alters miRNA cargo in T cells
  121. Treatment of pure red cell aplasia in a chronic kidney disease patient with roxadustat: A case report
  122. Comparative bioinformatics analysis of the Wnt pathway in breast cancer: Selection of novel biomarker panels associated with ER status
  123. Kynurenine facilitates renal cell carcinoma progression by suppressing M2 macrophage pyroptosis through inhibition of CASP1 cleavage
  124. RFX5 promotes the growth, motility, and inhibits apoptosis of gastric adenocarcinoma cells through the SIRT1/AMPK axis
  125. ALKBH5 exacerbates early cardiac damage after radiotherapy for breast cancer via m6A demethylation of TLR4
  126. Phytochemicals of Roman chamomile: Antioxidant, anti-aging, and whitening activities of distillation residues
  127. Circadian gene Cry1 inhibits the tumorigenicity of hepatocellular carcinoma by the BAX/BCL2-mediated apoptosis pathway
  128. The TNFR-RIPK1/RIPK3 signalling pathway mediates the effect of lanthanum on necroptosis of nerve cells
  129. Longitudinal monitoring of autoantibody dynamics in patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer undergoing surgery
  130. The potential role of rutin, a flavonoid, in the management of cancer through modulation of cell signaling pathways
  131. Construction of pectinase gene engineering microbe and its application in tobacco sheets
  132. Construction of a microbial abundance prognostic scoring model based on intratumoral microbial data for predicting the prognosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma
  133. Sepsis complicated by haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis triggered by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and human herpesvirus 8 in an immunocompromised elderly patient: A case report
  134. Sarcopenia in liver transplantation: A comprehensive bibliometric study of current research trends and future directions
  135. Advances in cancer immunotherapy and future directions in personalized medicine
  136. Can coronavirus disease 2019 affect male fertility or cause spontaneous abortion? A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis
  137. Heat stroke associated with novel leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor gene variant in a Chinese infant
  138. PSME2 exacerbates ulcerative colitis by disrupting intestinal barrier function and promoting autophagy-dependent inflammation
  139. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state with severe hypernatremia coexisting with central diabetes insipidus: A case report and literature review
  140. Efficacy and mechanism of escin in improving the tissue microenvironment of blood vessel walls via anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant effects: Implications for clinical practice
  141. 10.1515/biol-2025-1168
  142. Ecology and Environmental Science
  143. Optimization and comparative study of Bacillus consortia for cellulolytic potential and cellulase enzyme activity
  144. The complete mitochondrial genome analysis of Haemaphysalis hystricis Supino, 1897 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and its phylogenetic implications
  145. Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors analysis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among tuberculosis population in Huzhou City, Eastern China
  146. Indices of human impacts on landscapes: How do they reflect the proportions of natural habitats?
  147. Genetic analysis of the Siberian flying squirrel population in the northern Changbai Mountains, Northeast China: Insights into population status and conservation
  148. Diversity and environmental drivers of Suillus communities in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forests of Inner Mongolia
  149. Global assessment of the fate of nitrogen deposition in forest ecosystems: Insights from 15N tracer studies
  150. Fungal and bacterial pathogenic co-infections mainly lead to the assembly of microbial community in tobacco stems
  151. Influencing of coal industry related airborne particulate matter on ocular surface tear film injury and inflammatory factor expression in Sprague-Dawley rats
  152. Temperature-dependent development, predation, and life table of Sphaerophoria macrogaster (Thomson) (Diptera: Syrphidae) feeding on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
  153. Eleonora’s falcon trophic interactions with insects within its breeding range: A systematic review
  154. Agriculture
  155. Integrated analysis of transcriptome, sRNAome, and degradome involved in the drought-response of maize Zhengdan958
  156. Variation in flower frost tolerance among seven apple cultivars and transcriptome response patterns in two contrastingly frost-tolerant selected cultivars
  157. Heritability of durable resistance to stripe rust in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  158. Molecular mechanism of follicular development in laying hens based on the regulation of water metabolism
  159. Animal Science
  160. Effect of sex ratio on the life history traits of an important invasive species, Spodoptera frugiperda
  161. Plant Sciences
  162. Hairpin in a haystack: In silico identification and characterization of plant-conserved microRNA in Rafflesiaceae
  163. Widely targeted metabolomics of different tissues in Rubus corchorifolius
  164. The complete chloroplast genome of Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass., 1820 (Carduoideae, Asteraceae) and its phylogenetic analysis
  165. Field trial to correlate mineral solubilization activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and biochemical content of groundnut plants
  166. Correlation analysis between semen routine parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation index in patients with semen non-liquefaction: A retrospective study
  167. Plasticity of the anatomical traits of Rhododendron L. (Ericaceae) leaves and its implications in adaptation to the plateau environment
  168. Effects of Piriformospora indica and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on growth and physiology of Moringa oleifera under low-temperature stress
  169. Effects of different sources of potassium fertiliser on yield, fruit quality and nutrient absorption in “Harward” kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)
  170. Comparative efficiency and residue levels of spraying programs against powdery mildew in grape varieties
  171. The DREB7 transcription factor enhances salt tolerance in soybean plants under salt stress
  172. Using plant electrical signals of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for water pollution monitoring
  173. Food Science
  174. Phytochemical analysis of Stachys iva: Discovering the optimal extract conditions and its bioactive compounds
  175. Review on role of honey in disease prevention and treatment through modulation of biological activities
  176. Computational analysis of polymorphic residues in maltose and maltotriose transporters of a wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain
  177. Optimization of phenolic compound extraction from Tunisian squash by-products: A sustainable approach for antioxidant and antibacterial applications
  178. Liupao tea aqueous extract alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in rats by modulating the gut microbiota
  179. Toxicological qualities and detoxification trends of fruit by-products for valorization: A review
  180. Polyphenolic spectrum of cornelian cherry fruits and their health-promoting effect
  181. Optimizing the encapsulation of the refined extract of squash peels for functional food applications: A sustainable approach to reduce food waste
  182. Advancements in curcuminoid formulations: An update on bioavailability enhancement strategies curcuminoid bioavailability and formulations
  183. Impact of saline sprouting on antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds in chia seeds
  184. The dilemma of food genetics and improvement
  185. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  186. Impact of hyaluronic acid-modified hafnium metalorganic frameworks containing rhynchophylline on Alzheimer’s disease
  187. Emerging patterns in nanoparticle-based therapeutic approaches for rheumatoid arthritis: A comprehensive bibliometric and visual analysis spanning two decades
  188. Application of CRISPR/Cas gene editing for infectious disease control in poultry
  189. Preparation of hafnium nitride-coated titanium implants by magnetron sputtering technology and evaluation of their antibacterial properties and biocompatibility
  190. Preparation and characterization of lemongrass oil nanoemulsion: Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anticancer activities
  191. Corrigendum
  192. Corrigendum to “Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells”
  193. Corrigendum to “Effects of Ire1 gene on virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans”
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